African Studies African Experience Analysis Essay

How do we undertake the study of the African experience? Abstract: In my research, to understand how we undertake the study of the African experience you have to start in the beginning of time which dates back hundreds of thousands years ago and go into one of the first civilizations known as ancient Egypt. Understanding where the people come from and where they are at today does not even cover a quarter of understanding the true African experience. To understand truly how to undertake the African experience you must understand the social structure, governance, ways of knowing, science and technology, movement and memory, and cultural meaning (The six conceptual categories). With these concepts you understand that in a cosmograph known†¦show more content†¦This shows that civilization started in Africa. As much as Europeans try and take everything from us Africans and rewrite our history as far as the Christopher Columbus era, it does not matter because artifacts shows that everything was started in Africa. We use ways of knowing to prove that between the bones found in Africa there was civilization in ancient Africa. â€Å"Experiential Kin is when you grow up with someone, even though your not blood family that’s your cousin. You don’t have aunts or uncles like in America. You have the nucleus family then the extended family.† This is the reason villages were so important in the uprising of Africa. In discussion, before the Romans and Greeks had the idea of conquering the world, there were ancient Egyptians. Consisting of nobles, scribes, farmers, and craftsman, Egyptians created time through sundials, books through scribes, language through hieroglyphics, crops through farmers, art through craftsman. In addition, temples were built on with their own backs and hands, which is something that no man today, would be able to accomplish. The era of technology seemed to have just recently surpassed the dedication and hard work of the ancient people. As we fast forward in time we go back to the Christ opher Columbus era. Europeans came to Africa and their mission was to erase all of the knowledge and power we had before their arrival.Show MoreRelatedFacilitating Career Planning for African American Women in Organizational Leadership1283 Words   |  6 Pagespolitical, academic, and social connections become increasing important to nonprofits in order to stay in business. African American women may be the least attractive group for nonprofits to recruit and cultivate for fear of them not having the proper connections to further develop the agency into the growth the company needs to sustain itself. This may also be a reason why African American women tend to shy away from the leadership roles in leading nonprofits in Philadelphia. The counterbalanceRead MoreAfrican American Social Studies Teachers1587 Words   |  7 PagesThis study examines the life histories of three African American social studies teachers, focusing on the evolution and changes in their identities, perspectives, and attitudes related to their profession and instructional practice. In addition, the study addresses the significance of the teachers’ racialized experiences as African Americans and how these experiences influence their use of culturally relevant pedagogy to teach their African American students. Overview Disparities exist in educationalRead MoreInterview With A Interview Protocol1242 Words   |  5 PagesAn interview protocol was utilized in this study. This instrument was designed to keep the face-to-face interview on track and effective. So, for that reason, the questions for this interview were determined by trying to create an instrument that would lead to the answers to the research questions. An interview protocol with semi-structured questions was used with the interview protocol. Likewise, the data collection consisted of 10 interviews that were conducted during the spring session ofRead MoreEssay on Development of African American Studies1148 Words   |  5 PagesDevelopment of African American Studies Scholars have dedicated their time and attention to furthering the discipline of African American Studies and can define the field with many different definitions. Through looking at the origins and development in the study we can see how it became a legitimate academic field. As we study the writings of the African American intellect, it will fully explain the importance of the discipline. 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Procedures in the Physical Science Essay - 1440 Words

Laboratory Research Report 1: Procedures in the Physical Sciences Hebert Duran Strayer University SCI 110, Kung Craig P. 29 April 2013 Identify three (3) specific challenges to making direct measurements in the fields of astronomy, chemistry, physics, or earth science. Describe how scientists have utilized indirect forms of measure to overcome these challenges Since the ancient times people have always been attracted to the unknown. Humans have always been curious about everything they have come across; How big is our earth?, how deep is the sea? Are there any other lands past the horizon?, and how big is our universe?. These types of questions have always led humans to forcefully exercise their minds into figuring them out.†¦show more content†¦The telescope is an optical instrument designed to make distant objects appear nearer. It contains an arrangement of lenses or mirrors or both that gathers visible light, permitting direct observation or photographic recording of distant objects. (Lacki, B. C. 2011). With the use of telescopes we have been able to learn a lot more about the planets in our universe. It has helped us understand about some of the history of everything around us. Also it has been able to track asteroids and comets or any randomly flying objet in outer space that might become threatening to our planet. Anothe r tool that have had a big impact in the science world is the Microscope. A microscope is an optical instrument that uses a lens or combination of lenses to produce a magnified image of small or microscopic objects such as bacteria and cells. One of the most known and historic purposes that the microscope has been used for is during the discovery of penicillin. Dr. Fleming, a bacteriologist, observed that a plate culture of staphylococcus had bee contaminated by a blue green mold. Then tracking and observing the bacteria through a microscope Dr. Fleming was able to observe that the colonies of bacteria next to the mold were being dissolved. Fleming then proceed to grow the mold in pure culture and produced a substance that killed a number ofShow MoreRelatedProcedures in the Physical Sciences1347 Words   |  5 PagesIntro Part I: Challenges in Measurements For the bulk of the physical sciences, accurate measurements require much more than simply going out and collecting data, as a social scientist would. In fact, a lot of measuring in the physical sciences is related to very distant objects or places, where the average scientist cannot probably ever reach. One thing physical scientists can rely on are the laws of physics and mathematics, which are the same both on here and in space. 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Raven, ask how can Forensic Soil Science be used to solve investigating cases, within law enforcement, such as a double murder case presented in the article. As described in the article, Forensic Soil Science is the study of soil (surfaces) that use a variety of soilRead MoreHuman Factors Of Aviation Safety : Cognitive Science1345 Words   |  6 Pages Human Factors in Aviation Safety: Cognitive Science Karreem L. Lisbon Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University May 2017 Abstract Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary scientific study of minds as information processors. It includes research on how information is processed, represented, and transformed in a nervous system or machine. Human factors directly cause or contribute to many aviation incidents that develop into accidents. In this paper, I will discuss how learning, knowledge, languageRead MoreThe Invention Of A Woman s Womb By Ruth Hubbard1549 Words   |  7 Pagesvery new science. 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Issues in Financial Reporting - free sample - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Issues in Financial Reporting. Answer: Introduction: This assignment focuses on how the different financial adjustments affect the two main income statements of the company; namely the consolidated profit loss account and the consolidated balance sheet. The discussion has been done with respect to the given case study of a company named Marvin Co. Ltd whose financial statements are being prepared on 31st December, 2016 as per the accounting standards of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) (Choi and Wang, 2009).In this assignment, study has been done regarding the impact of lease contract, Warranty maintenance cost, property revaluation and cost of paying employee termination benefit and bankruptcy of the customer or debtor over the financial health of the chosen company named Marvin Co. Ltd.In order to analyse the impact the relevant journal entries has been discussed and also the changes that will take place in the consolidated balance sheet and profit loss account of the company are being identified. BODY The Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS): The organization of IFRS is a not-for-profit organization that works for the interest to f the public and has been established to develop a single set of high-quality, understandable, enforceable and globally accepted accounting standardsIFRS Standards. The organization is also involved in the promotion and facilitation of the accounting rules so that the business organization can easily adopt the accounting standards(Li, 2010). The reason behind the development of the accounting standards is to provide understandable accounting principles to all the companies across the world so that the companies get equipped with a set of accounting principles that can be easily use d while preparing their financial statements. A set of good accounting principles is needed to properly regulate the global as a well as the regional capital market (Chen et al.,2010). 1 .Impact of lease contract made between the companies Irish and Marvin Co. Ltd on the consolidated Balance sheet P/L account As per the IFRS-16 accounting standard the following entries are to be made with respect to the lease contract made between the Marvin Co. Ltd and the Company Irish Relevant Journal Entries At the end of first year when first instalment of lease has been paid Right-of-use asset a/c......Dr$400,000 To lease liability a/c.....Cr $400,000 At the end of 2nd year when 2nd instalment of lease has been paid Right-of-use asset a/c......Dr$400,000 To lease liability a/c.....Cr $400,000 At the end of 3nd year when 3rd instalment of lease has been paid Right-of-use asset a/c......Dr$200,000 To lease liability a/c.....Cr $200,000 In the consolidated balance sheet of the lease liability will be added to the liability side of the balance sheet. So the liability of the consolidated balance sheet prepared on 31 December,2016 will increase by $400,000 Journal entry for the interest payment on the lease Journal entry for the payment of interest on lease at the end of first year P/L account ........Dr.$40,000 To Expense a/c ...... Cr. $40,000 Journal entry for the payment of interest on lease at the end of second year P/L account ........Dr.$40,000 To Expense a/c ........ Cr. $40,000 Journal entry for the payment of interest on lease at the end of third year P/L account ........Dr.$20,000 To Expense a/c ....... Cr. $20,000 From the above journal entry it can be seen that an additional interest expense will be added to the debit side of the profit and loss account and the debit side of the consolidated profit and loss account increase will increase by $40,000 (Kieso et al.,2010). The machine has a 3 years period of life but as no information has been given regarding the rate of depreciation, therefore no journal entry has been made in relation to the depreciation of machine The above journal entries are mainly done with respect to the account of Marvin Co. Ltd Impact of Warranty related returns on the financial position of Marvin Co. Ltd Provision for warranty made by Marvin Co. Ltd is $300,000. The relevant journal entry: Warranty Expenses. ......dr. $300,000 To Warranty Payable:.........cr. $300,000 Provision for warranty made by Marvin Co. Ltd is $300,000 is equivalent to 2% of the total gross margin So the total gross margin is =$150, 00, 000[($300,000/2%)*100] All equipments in the range are sold at a gross margin of 30% which is equivalent to $150, 00,000 So the actual volume of sales is $500,00, 000 2% of the sold amount is actually expected to return which is an amount of $10, 00, 000 Estimated actual Warranty Liability: $10, 00, 000 Warranty payable a/c.......dr $10, 00, 000 To Cash inventory a/c .............cr $10, 00, 000 So the provision made for warranty liability has to be enhanced by 3 times Initially the provision for warranty of the company was around $300,000.This amount was only 2% of the gross margin. So the total volume of the gross margin is around $150, 00,000 and as the products of this range are sold at a profit margin of 30%, therefore the total amounts of sales will be $500, 00, 000.As per the historical report 2% of the total goods sold $500,00, 000 is returned for warranty replacements and if the replacements is not possible , then full refund will be given to the customers at the cost of the company(Wehrfritz and Haller,2014). Thus provision for warranty has to be enhanced by 3 times. Thus the warranty payable amount of $10, 00, 000 should be debited to the profit and loss account as warranty expense. Impact property revaluation over the financial position of Marvin Co. Ltd The financial analysis has been done as per IAS 36- Impairment of Assets The carrying value [Purchase value of the property-Accumulated Depreciation] of the property is $80,000,000 Annual depreciation for the year 2016 is $20, 00,000 So the carrying amount will be ($80,000,000-$20, 00,000)= $78,000,000 After revaluation the fair value of the property is around $70,000,000 As the fair value of the property is less than the carrying amount therefore there will be a downward adjustment. The amount of the downward adjustment is ($78,000,000-$70,000,000) = $8,000,000 Relevant Journal Entries Revaluation loss a/c.........dr.$8,000,000 To Building a/c ........cr. $80,000,000 Here the business has applied the revaluation model. The carrying value of the property on 31 December, 2016 was around $80,000,000.The carrying value of a property is calculated by deducting the accumulated depreciation from the Purchase value of the property. In order to calculate the new carrying amount of the property on 31, December, 2016, the depreciation of the year that amounts to $20, 00,000 has been deducted from the previous carrying amount to calculate the new carrying amount of $78,000,000.As the revaluated fair value of the asset is less than the new carrying amount of the property so Marvin Co. Ltd has to make a downward adjustment in its books of accounts (Cairns et al., 2011). The amount of revaluation loss has to be deducted from the value of the property that is present under the fixed asset section of the consolidated balance sheet. Impact of paying the termination benefit over the financial health of Marvin Co. Ltd The managing director Mr John Dickens has received a termination benefit of $500,000, on 31, January, 2017 as he has been dismissed on 31 December, 2016 So the journal entry to be drawn in the books of accounts of Marvin on 31, January, 2017 will be Relevant Journal Entries Profit loss account........ dr. $500,000 To Employee termination benefit a/c ...... cr. $500,000 As the employee has been terminated by the company so it is the duty of the company to meet up his all the promised compensation which the terminated employee is eligible to get. On termination the company has cleared the pending amount of $500,000 that is paid by the company on January, 2017(Liapis and Thalassinos, 2013).Thus this amount has to be debited from the consolidated profit loss account of the company as employee termination benefit expense Due to the liquidation of one of the customer of Marvin Co. Ltd on January, 2017 the company realized that the amount of $ 1 million that is owed by the customer to Marvin Co. Ltd on 31, December, 2016 will be transformed in to bad debt. So the interest amount that is accrued on the amount of debt is $0.2 million .Thus the total bad debt amount of the company is around $1.2 million. This amount of bad debt has to be deducted from the trade receivables [present under the current asset sector of the consolidated balance sheet of the company]. Recommendations: The study of the above financial issues with respect to the company named Marvin Co. Ltd reveals the fact that the financial department of the company has to increase their focus towards the projection of the possible future losses that may heat the financial operations as well as a the asset liability position of the company. A good focus to be given over the maintenance of the fixed asset of the company so that the company get a good revaluation value of the asset that remains higher than the carrying cost of the property. Property maintenance initiative will help the company to avoid the impairment losses. Besides the company should hold a detailed work to estimate the warranty related cost which the business may have to incur with respect to the goods and services sold. As the policy of the company is to provide full return of purchase price or full replacement with respect to the goods that have been returned under warranty contract, mis-calculation of warranty related cost may badly affect the profit earning capacity of the company. Proper projection has also to be done regarding the costs of employee termination cost, revaluation of assets. The company should identify the doubtful debtors well in advance so that the company can calculate the possible impact of a sudden wind up of a debtor which owes a lot to the company.A sudden liquidation of a debtor badly affects the liquidity as well as current asset position of the company. Conclusion: The above assignment describes that a s the business runs certain financial issues crop up with no prior intimation (Borio, 2011). An efficient business management requires that there should be sufficient human resource and liquid capital resource within the company to handle these issues efficiently. For example in case of the given case study the company Marvin Co. Ltd has to purchase a new machinery of worth $1,300,000 and the company decided to purchase that machine in instalments. This issue or activity requires that the business should have sufficient liquid cash to handle to pay the annual requirement and additionally the finance department of the company has to identify the possible impact of this machine purchase on the financial health of the company in terms of profit and loss statements and balance sheet analysis. Again the warranty cost calculation of the company requires that the company should study the historical data in order to understand the trend of the volume of warranty return before building the provision for warranty. Reference: Borio, C., 2011. Implementing the macro-prudential approach to financial regulation and supervision.The Financial Crisis and the Regulation of Finance, pp.101-117. Cairns, D., Massoudi, D., Taplin, R. and Tarca, A., 2011. IFRS fair value measurement and accounting policy choice in the United Kingdom and Australia.The British Accounting Review,43(1), pp.1-21. Chen, H., Tang, Q., Jiang, Y. and Lin, Z., 2010. The role of international financial reporting standards in accounting quality: Evidence from the European Union.Journal of International Financial Management Accounting,21(3), pp.220-278. Choi, J. and Wang, H., 2009. Stakeholder relations Management and the persistence of corporate financial performance.Strategic management journal,30(8), pp.895-907. Kieso, D.E., Weygandt, J.J. and Warfield, T.D., 2010.Intermediate accounting: IFRS edition(Vol. 2). John Wiley Sons. Li, S., 2010. Does mandatory adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards in the European Union reduce the cost of equity capital?.The accounting review,85(2), pp.607-636. Liapis, K. and Thalassinos, E., 2013. A Comparative Analysis for the Accounting Reporting of Employee Benefits between IFRS and other Accounting Standards: A Case Study for the Biggest Listed Entities in Greece.International Journal of Economics Business Administration,1(1), pp.91-116. Wehrfritz, M. and Haller, A., 2014. National influence on the application of IFRS: Interpretations and accounting estimates by German and British accountants.Advances in Accounting,30(1), pp.196-208.

Pride and Prejudice Study Guide

'Pride and Prejudice' Study Guide Pride and Prejudice is a novel by Jane Austen that satirizes issues of marriage and social class. It follows the relationship between the quick-to-judge Elizabeth Bennet and the haughty Mr. Darcy as both learn to mend their errors in judgment and look beyond markers of social status. First published in 1813, the bitingly funny romantic comedy has endured as both a popular favorite and a literary classic. Fast Facts: Pride and Prejudice Author: Jane AustenPublisher: Thomas Egerton, WhitehallYear Published: 1813Genre: Comedy of mannersType of Work: NovelOriginal Language: EnglishThemes: Love, marriage, pride, social class, wealth, prejudiceCharacters: Elizabeth Bennet, Fitzwilliam Darcy, Jane Bennet, Charles Bingley, George Wickham, Lydia Bennet, William CollinsNotable Adaptations: 1940 film, 1995 television miniseries (BBC), 2005 filmFun Fact: Researchers named a pheromone in male mice that attracts females â€Å"Darcin† after Mr. Darcy. Plot Summary Pride and Prejudice opens with the Bennet familys reaction to a bit of social news: the nearby Netherfield house has been leased to Mr. Bingley, a wealthy and single young man. Mrs. Bennet expresses the belief that Bingley will fall in love with one of her daughters. Her prediction proves true at the neighborhood ball, where Bingley and the sweet eldest Bennet daughter, Jane, fall in love at first sight. At the same ball, the strong-willed second daughter Elizabeth Bennet finds herself the object of disdain from Bingley’s arrogant, antisocial friend Darcy. Caroline Bingley and Mr. Darcy convince Mr. Bingley of Jane’s disinterest and separate the couple. Elizabeth’s distaste for Darcy only grows when she befriends Wickham, a young militiaman who claims that Darcy ruined his livelihood out of spite. Darcy expresses interest in Elizabeth, but Elizabeth harshly rejects Darcy’s self-absorbed proposal of marriage. The truth soon unravels. It is revealed that Wickham spent all the money Darcy’s father left him and then tried to seduce Darcy’s younger sister. During a trip with her aunt and uncle, Elizabeth visits Darcy’s estate, Pemberley, where she begins to view Darcy in a better light. Her positive impression of Darcy grows when she learns that he has secretly used his own money to convince Wickham to marry, rather than abandon, her sister Lydia Bennet. Darcys aunt, Lady Catherine, demands that Darcy marry her daughter, but her plan backfires and instead leads to Darcy and Elizabeth finding their romantic happiness alongside a reunited Jane and Bingley. Major Characters Elizabeth Bennet. The second of the five Bennet daughters, Elizabeth (â€Å"Lizzy†) is the story’s protagonist. Playful and intelligent, she prizes her ability to make judgments quickly. Her journey of self-discovery is at the heart of the story, as she learns how to discern the truth beneath first impressions. Fitzwilliam Darcy. Mr. Darcy is a haughty and wealthy landowner who snubs Elizabeth when they first meet. He is proud of his social status and is frustrated with his own attraction to Elizabeth but, like her, he learns to overcome his previous judgments to come to a truer perspective. Jane Bennet. The sweet, pretty eldest Bennet daughter. She falls in love with Charles Bingley, Her kind, nonjudgmental nature leads her to overlook Caroline Bingley’s malice until it is almost too late. Charles Bingley. Polite, open-hearted, and a little naà ¯ve, Bingley is a close friend of Darcy. He is easily influenced by Darcy’s opinions. He falls in love with Jane but is persuaded away from her, although he learns the truth in time to make amends. George Wickham. An outwardly charming soldier, Wickham’s pleasant demeanor hides a selfish, manipulative core. Though he presents himself as a victim of Darcy’s pride, he is revealed to be the problem himself. He continues his bad behavior by seducing young Lydia Bennet. Major Themes Love and Marriage. The novel focuses on the obstacles to, and the reasons for, romantic love. Most notably, it satirizes expectations about marriages of convenience and suggests that genuine compatibility and attraction- as well as honesty and respect- are the foundations of the best matches. Characters who try to subvert this thesis are the targets of the book’s biting satire. Pride. In the novel, uncontrolled pride is one of the biggest obstacles to the characters’ happiness. In particular, pride based on notions of class and status is framed as ridiculous and unfounded in real values. Prejudice. Making judgments about others can be useful, but not when those judgments are formed erroneously or quickly. The novel posits that overly confident prejudice must be overcome and tempered before the characters can reach happiness. Social Status. Austen famously satirizes the manners and obsessions of class distinctions. While none of the characters are socially mobile in the modern sense, obsessions with status are presented as foolish and arrogant. Wealth and inheritance do matter, though, as evidenced by Mr. Collins’ presence as Mr. Bennet’s heir. Literary Style Austen’s writing is famous for one particular literary device: free indirect discourse. Free indirect discourse is the technique of writing thoughts that seem to come from an individual characters mind, without shifting into first-person narration or using action tags such as she thought. This device gives readers access to inner thoughts and helps to solidify the characters’ unique voices. The novel was written in the Romantic period of literature, which was at its peak in the first half of the 19th century. The movement, which was a reaction against the onslaught of industrialism and rationalism, emphasized individuals and their emotions. Austen’s work fits into this framework to a degree, as it emphasizes decidedly non-industrial contexts and focuses primarily on the emotional lives of richly drawn individual characters. About the Author Born in 1775, Jane Austen is best known for her sharp observations of a small social circle: country gentry, with a few lower-tier military families in the mix. Her work prized the inner lives of women, featuring complicated characters who were flawed yet likable and whose internal conflicts were as important as their romantic entanglements. Austen shied away from over-sentimentality, preferring instead to mix heartfelt emotions with a helping of pointed wit.

buy custom Police Investigation essay

buy custom Police Investigation essay Interrogation of Michael Crow. Michael Crow was a very popular and bright 12 year old girl. At night of January 21st 2009, Crow with a boy crept into the Stephanies bedroom. Stephanie was found dead, stabbed nine times with a hunting knife in the chest. The three boys of the age of 14 to 15 years old were all charged with the murder of Stephanie. However, their parents stood by them and insisted that the boys were being coerced. The police were accused of violence against the children (Lofman, 2007). This caused problems to the police investigators who were involved in the interrogation. The boys have not been found guilty. The lawyers of these three children insisted that the confessions were forced from them and should not be admissible. Nobody knows exactly what happened that night except these three boys. Trying to get information from them was futile and any attempt to probe more into the investigation only caused complains about the boys being coerced. (Swanso, 2002) The police did a good job in interrogating the boys. These boys needed to tell the truth about what happened that night. However, children, especially teenagers are very sensitive and should be dealt with differently. The police or the interrogation team should have been more patient and attentive to the boys. The other option would have been to treat them as children are treated and thinking in their level. In the recent years the number of sibling murders has increased. For example a case of a 15 year old boy who told the authorities that he had beaten his sister up to death. The motive of these childs murders is sibling rivalry. What interrogation methods should be used in childrens cases? Children are very sensitive and might not take violence as other people do. Therefore, children should be treated differently. Whether or not they are guilty they are still children and need to be treated as children. (Lofland, 2002) Emotion torture, psychological torture and physical torture can have a negative effect on the children. Violent treatment can result to permanent damage to the children. According to AD Redlich, law and psychiatry (2004), the ultimate goal tointerrogate a criminal is to get the required information to solve the case. Therefore, establishing the psychological control is very important in order to achieve the desired results. Police interrogations should not be based upon physical intimidation but should use a more sophisticated psychological manipulation. In the Crows case, the police should have used psychological manipulation. Gitmo Cases According to Chisun Lee, the National Law journal (2006), the Government lost almost 15 cases of the inmates after the inmates said they were witnesses of forcible interrogations from the police. One of the issues that amounted to the force was a wrongful detention. In ths case, the Government rejected all the evidences because the interrogators were accused of using verbal threats as well as physical abuse which they called torture. However, the Government won 8 cases against the inmates. (Lee, 2010) This has posed a big problem to the Unites States Government. This is because the Government thinks that the inmates are too dangerous to be released. On the other hand, these prisoners cannot be prosecuted in any court, military or civilian. This could have been avoided if the police not used excessive force in the interrogations. What would have been done differently? The police would have established a physiological control in order to achieve better results from the interrogations. The interrogations should not have been based on the physical treats and intimidating but a sophisticated psychological manipulation. Ad Redlch, Law and psychiatry (2004). The other method that could be used to do things differently is to control interrogation or have control of interrogations. The Government should borrow an evidence approach from the criminal law. In this approach the prosecutor can only succeed in proving the guilty or innocent of the person accused through arguing. This would help to avoid such events and accusations. The Putten Murder Willem Wagner, European review (2002), attributes that interrogation techniques that mislead or suggest may affect the innocence of the persons being accused. This is because such tactic affects the innocent people psychologically and they begin to envision themselves committing these crimes. This is evident in confessions which are obtained after many repeated interrogations in a long period. Therefore, confessions according to Willem case are not the good evidence to use in a case. This is because it contains the element of deception and suggestion. The Putten murder case is a case of two innocent men (Kapoor, 2003). These men were imprisoned for eight years yet they were innocent. The confessions from these two men were obtained after many repeated interrogations in a long period. These two men in the end confessed to the crimes that they did not commit. This caused a big problem to the interrogation team. The interrogation technique that they used resulted to the conviction of two innocent men while the culprit still walks the streets of Netherlands free. The main objective of criminal investigations, according to Willem, puts no limit on what is acceptable even though it is a known fact that false confession is a serious risk to the society and to the person being incriminated. This can be corrected and made right only if in the future the police investigations were c ontrolled and limited. There should be a law that restricts the use of excessive force during interrogations. On the other hand, this would pose another problem to the police force. This is because hard criminals would take addvantage of this fact or law and use it for their own benefits. Abuse of Iraqs Detainees The photos of the Iraq detainees abuse at the Abu Ghariab prison have left many people speechless. In the beginning of the case the detainees were willing to cooperate with interrogators. Later it was decoded that more information could be obtained from the detainees by the use of force and coercion. During the interrogation, the interrogators beat the detainees senselessly; they used fists and blunt objects. That specific detainee died while in the custody of the United States. He died before he could give the investigators the information they needed. Dr. Marvin Zalman (2007), Constitution and society, attributes that torture is prohibited. He states that inflicting pain on a prisoner, whether it is physical pain or mental pain, is inhuman. Every human being deserves to be treated with respect and dignity. The crime they are accused of committing should not be a reason to use torture and inflict pain (Zalman, 2007). The big question is what prisoners should be tortured? Should terr orists be tortured in order to obtain information from them? Is torture justified in such cases? Christopher Hickens, an English philosopher, makes a very important point when he attributes that a man who knows where the bomb is, puts the hooks into him swiftly. Is there anything like successful torture? The answer is definitely no! This is because torture always has a negative effect on both the prisoner and the interrogator. Physical and mental torture may not leave a mark that is noticeable but will leave a permanent mark that no eyes can perceive. The use of excessive force also forces people who are innocent to confess to the crimes they did not commit. This is because most of these people can not stand the torture any more. In this regard, interrogations should be controlled and regulated. There should be laws and rules that govern and restrict the use of excessive force. Torture is unnecessary and does not bear any positive results. The police investigators who are accused of using excessive force should be punished in a court of law. This is because the use of excessive force is a crime of its own kind. Therefore, countries, states and nations should put an end to the endless torture that goes on behind bars and in the interrogation rooms (Wagenaar, 2002). This vice should be put under strict control. Every human being has a right to be treated as a human being. This paper has analyzed five different cases that involved interrogation and have caused problems for the case. Similar cases are on the rise in many different countries. The finding of this paper is that the use of excessive force, inflicting physical or mental pain and torture are crimes which should be punished. 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The Causes of the Cold War essays

The Causes of the Cold War essays The Cold War lasted for over half a century, and many different factors fuelled the battle. All three major nations that were involved helped to escalate the Cold War farther. The Soviets actions in Eastern Europe, American, perhaps too aggressive actions against Soviet expansion, and Churchill and Britains ability to force America into an anti-Soviet stance, all aided in pushing the Cold War farther into a bitter battle. Post World War II the Big Three had agreed that all liberated nations would proceed to having free elections. In many of the liberated nations free elections did occur, but by 1947 Communists took control of government in Poland, Hungary and Romania. By the next year, all Eastern European nations had Communist governments. This rapid expansion of Communism into Europe helped to cause the Cold War. These actions also caused a fear of Communism within America. America then counteracted and President Truman initiated the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan. The Sovi ets interpreted these actions differently then Western society. The Soviets saw these actions as aggressive and then defended themselves. This caused a continuous escalation of the relationship between the Soviets and the USA. Winston Churchill and the British Empire also played their own roll in fueling the Cold War. Churchill openly accused the Soviets of having expansionist policies and stated that an alliance needed to form between Britain and the US to stop Soviet expansion. This allowed President Truman to make his anti-Soviet policy public. Also, Churchills proclamation forced America into an anti-Soviet policy. With all three, America, Britain, and the USSR, playing roles to further the Cold War, we can see that each nation and their leaders caused the Cold War. ...

Philosophy of Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philosophy of Punishment - Essay Example However, the concept of punishment as largely arisen from a retributive practice as a form of providing justification for the victim (Alexander 2012). A greater liberal justification of punishment is the sense of isolating and getting rid of all threats in the society so as to achieve social order and to ensure that criminal aggression is kept within control (Bedau 2010). The threatened punishments are deemed to be necessary as due process of law. In the modern day, punishment is defined as any form of pain, suffering, confinement or loss that has been imposed by auhtoruty on a person for an offense (the authority having the subject for the offense). However, the definition of punishment also needs to include the effects and incidents related to the punishment including exclusions to be made. Early man caused punishment to include destruction of those objects or people who harmed or threatened to harm society or property. In this paper, the broad philosophies of punishment would be c onsidered along with the various models that are being used (Alexander 2012). Body The first model of punishment being considered is retribution. Retribution is a theory of justice that punishment should be appropriate or proportionate to the type and seriousness of the crime with the aim of achieving satisfaction and psychological benefits for the aggrieved party and the society in general. Often the saying goes ‘an eye for an eye’ and ‘a tooth for a tooth’, wherein the severity of the punishment should be based on the severity of the wrongdoing. According to Michael Davis, a philosopher, the amount of punishment as per retributive justice should be based on the amount of unfair advantage that has been gained by the wrongdoer. In proposing such a theory, he wanted greater reform in the reformative justice being done. Following the development of this theory, judges considered the mitigating factors for various crimes based on the situations existing (Bedau 2010). Vengeance or revenge is more of harmful form of action as a reaction to crime and a form of grievance and may be based on societal rules. Over time vengeance has evolved and today is being implemented with greater social cohesion. Death penalty is a form vengeance wherein some societies have it even for other crimes such as child rape. Many religions such as Christianity and Buddhism go against the concept of revenge. Vengeance may be considered as a form of retribution. However, in today’s justice system, punishment has gone much more beyond mere revenge with an intention of protecting society in general (Bright 1995). Deterrence considers that punishment is necessary for any crime and should often be based on the gravity of the crime, so that the crimes are avoided not only by the offender, but also by other potential offenders that may be present in society. There are 2 types of deterrence’s, namely general deterrence and specific deterrence. In general dete rrence, specific events would help to prevent crimes in general, so that unintended behavior is removed from society. In specific deterrenc