Managing Rapport through talk across Cultures Essay

Spencer-Oatey unquestionably doesn't disregard the idea of culture in her book, the second part of the fairly long title, however she surrenders that ‘culture’ is ‘notoriously hard to define’ (Spencer-Oatey, 1). On the side of this, she refers to a few creators have noticed that â€Å"†¦despite an era of endeavors to characterize culture satisfactorily, there was in the mid 1990’s no understanding among anthropologists with respect to its nature,† (Apte 1994, p. 2001) Due to the vagueness of the term, Spencer-Oatey (2000, 2) characterizes culture as: â€Å"†¦a fluffy arrangement of mentalities, convictions, conduct shows, and essential suspicions and qualities that are shared by a gathering of individuals, and that impact each member’s conduct and his/her understandings of the ‘meaning’ of different people’s conduct. † This definition opens up the field for a few issues. At a certain point, culture is showed â€Å"at various layers of profundity, going from internal center essential presumptions and qualities, through external center mentalities, convictions and social shows, to surface level conduct manifestations† (Spencer-Oatey, 2). The subsequent issue concerns the sub-surface parts of culture as affecting people’s conduct and the implications they themselves ascribe to the conduct of others, I. e. character. Because of the way that the individuals from a social gathering â€Å"are far-fetched to share indistinguishable arrangements of mentalities, convictions, etc, but instead show family resemblances,† (Spencer-Oatey, 2), she advances the theory that there is â€Å"no supreme arrangement of highlights that can recognize conclusively one social gathering from another† (Spencer-Oatey, 2). This is obviously originating from the theory that culture is related with social gatherings. In the sociologies it is a given that all individuals at the same time have a place with various gatherings and classes, e. g. ethnic gatherings, proficient gatherings, sexual orientation gatherings, and so forth. Another significant term straightforwardly identified with culture is the idea of ‘cross-cultural,’ which for Spencer-Oatey (2000, 3) alludes just to relative information, I. e. ‘data acquired freely from two distinctive social gatherings. ’ A related term is that of ‘intercultural’ †interactional information got ‘when two diverse social gatherings collaborate with each other’ (Spencer-Oatey, 3). The talking part featured in the book’s title itself alludes to the administration of social relations as a particular part of correspondence. Spencer-Oatey returns to crafted by before creators, for example, Watzlawick, Beavin and Jackson (1967, as refered to in Spencer-Oatey, 1) who had at first suggested that â€Å"all language has a substance part and relationship segment. † In a comparative report, Brown and Yule (1983) had distinguished two fundamental elements of language: the value-based (data moving) and the interactional (support of social connections), with two relating objectives †the reasonable and exact passing on of data (value-based) and correspondence of agreeableness and cooperative attitude in an agreeable and pleasant way (interactional). In the two cases, culture certainly assumes a noteworthy job, and in the two investigations it is used as a logical variable. Endeavoring to utilize culture as an informative variable to represent likenesses and contrasts in correspondence across societies requires fitting approaches to â€Å"unpackage† culture before it could be connected to correspondence results and employable mental develops (Spencer-Oatey, 2000). There are measurements to social fluctuation which could be seen as mentally equivalent among societies, and these are frequently utilized as the instruments to represent the distinctions. There remains anyway various issues in the utilization of social level qualities to represent changeability in open conduct across dialects and social gatherings. Following Gudykunst (2000, as refered to in Spencer-Oatey) social level factors, e. g. independence and cooperation, end up being deficient in the event that one intends to build up a structure giving causal clarifications of social conduct. Social level factors may directly affect social practices through its impact on social standards and the guidelines explicit to a specific culture yet note that the individuals from a culture are not associated similarly, nor do they embrace a culture’s rules in a similar way. Accordingly, the socialization forms at the individual level plainly assume an intervening job in the impact of social level factors on social practices. With respect to correspondence, for Spencer-Oatey et al (2000) businesslike factors, I. e. factors affecting how individuals both create and decipher informative conduct, can yield significant elements of social inconstancy at the individual level. Specifically compelling are two powerful parts of socio-phonetic pragmatics †interactional ‘rules’ (sayings) and relevant components. The view that it has now gotten important to move past a worth methodology in the conceptualization of culture has legitimacy, and Spencer-Oatey gives the required experimental delineations to invigorate the contention of the need to investigate better approaches for conceptualizing society. Contemporary advancement in phonetics proposes two significant manners by which culture can affect language use: businesslike sayings, and the shows of utilization of a specific language (assortment). In showing the constraints of culture as an illustrative variable, a conversation on obligingness hypothesis is introduced. ‘Politeness’ regularly alludes to the â€Å"use of moderately formal and differential language† (Spencer-Oatey, 2), however as Fraser and Nolan (1981, 96) cautiously call attention to, it is in reality additionally a logical judgment as in â€Å"†¦no sentence is characteristically neighborly or inconsiderate. †¦it isn't simply the articulations however the conditions under which they are utilized that decide the judgment of good manners. † Furthermore, courteousness proverbs seem to have ‘universal valences,’ wherein one shaft of a given measurement is constantly seen as more alluring than the other (Spencer-Oatey 2000). However curiously, in various societies and even in various discourse settings inside a similar culture, there are various focuses on the continuum that are progressively preferred over others. There is as of now a critical assortment of work exploring the all inclusive and culture-explicit parts of amiability practices accessible. House (2000, refered to in Spencer-Oatey) led a progression of investigations differentiating the English and German spoken and composed talks in the course of recent decades. Among the fascinating discoveries is the propensity of German understudies to utilize less verbal schedules than their English partners, which seem to loan assurance to the understanding that they are more straightforward, content-arranged and self-referenced (House, 162). A brief social cacophony is said to result when members can't hold passionate balance (House, 2000), I. e. they are overwhelmed by a feeling of misconception and frustration. Enthusiastic response for House (2000) is regularly a â€Å"major factor liable for a disintegration of affinity and for the shared attribution of adverse individual characteristics which, thusly, forestall any acknowledgment of genuine contrasts in social qualities and standards. † Crucial to Spencer-Oatey’s work is the idea of ‘rapport management’ as an investigative system, of which an itemized talked about is introduced in Chapter 2. As a few endeavors have just been attempted to make language use universals, the idea of ‘face’ as a â€Å"universal human need and the key inspiring power for obligingness and compatibility management† has been proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987, as refered to in Spencer-Oatey 2000, 12-13). Two related angles include the ‘face’-positive (speaking to the craving for endorsement) and negative (want for self-sufficiency). Then, pundits, for example, Matsumoto (1988), Ide and Mao (1994) consigns prime significance to that of social personality, as delineated in Chinese and Japanese societies (as refered to in Spencer-Oatey, 67-68). A talk handling approach is an incredible logical apparatus towards inside and out appreciation of how affinity can be botched across societies through correspondence. It includes definite portrayals of the procedures used in the creation and appreciation of talks, just as outlines of how mistaken assumptions can happen between and inside societies. Accentuation is on the talks conjured by the members. Concerning correspondence forms, prime significance is given to how the talks are socially developed and afterward comprehended and disguised by the members of the talk. Contrastive talk examines (Spencer-Oatey 2000) specifically, as showed by the investigates introduced in the second piece of the book, are of prime significance when one plans to clarify intercultural false impressions. In the mean time, in a sober minded exchange way to deal with the investigation of intercultural correspondence, its illustrative force in representing intercultural experiences is to a great extent dependent on existing down to earth information in the correspondence procedure (Spencer-Oatey 2000). ‘Pragmatics’ is â€Å"the investigation of the connections between phonetic structures and the clients of those forms† (Yule, 4), I. e. it is mostly worried about the idea of suggested implications. The businesslike exchange system draws on the viewpoint of significance hypothesis. For one to have the option to impart adequately and skillfully, one has to realize how to pick the suitable structure and the proper significance so as to stay away from between cultu

The Perish in War and Compromises an Example of the Topic History Essays by

The Perish in War and Compromises The incomparable General George S. Patton once said that War is damnation. (Patton, 1970). War doesn't contain men who simply get together throughout the end of the week and take shots at turkeys. They don't simply discuss past times worth remembering. The general expressed the main truth about war. Damnation is the ideal depiction. Need article test on The Perish in War and Compromises point? We will compose a custom article test explicitly for you Continue Individuals can just know about wars through news communicates. The subtleties must be clearly seen through motion pictures. There are likewise times when very much created films about war even neglect to introduce the genuine show behind the unrecognized yet truly great individuals of war. It is now and again only a delicate portrayal of feelings that could be scarcely depicted. Be that as it may, who can truly say what it feels like to be in everything, particularly during the advancements in the Middle East? In any case, not all movies are a long ways of the real world. Sparing Private Ryan is maybe the main film that could give the most sensible perspective on war. It handed-off the pulverization at any point slanted to such situations. (Sparing Private Ryan, 1998). During the war, troopers continually hear the sound of gunnery shells barraging their ear drums. They additionally hear 223 millimeter adjusts touching their protective caps. They likewise hear the sound of shots entering head protectors as the troopers advance and assault the adversary with full power. The adversary is their solitary objective as they battle for two things: their nation and their lives. Fighters can't stop to have a mid-day break during a fight. They can request a breather when they are worn out. However, they definitely realize that they will never get it, not in any event, when they asked for it. Troopers don't get the chance to have washroom makes back the initial investment when nature is shouting for a moment. They may wish to pause for a minute to extend their backs on a delicate sleeping cushion and sleep, yet the crew must accumulate ahead to plan and transparent their next mission. Rest and hot suppers are extravagances that troopers scarcely get during the war. Bathroom tissue, what pretty much every American exploit, is rare and blocked off. Despite the fact that war can be a breaking experience, an officer chipped in his life and ought to be focused on his strategic. Officers who can no longer serve their pledge to the crew and strategic released, however just in specific situations. Else, he will go for his rifle and stroll through the following crucial. During war, troopers become to regard and trust their individual fighters in their crew. They depend on one another for quality, as they are helped ordinarily to remember why they are on the combat zone. Their body and brains might be secured with wounds, substance wounds and black powder. Be that as it may, the quality they back from these individuals is their very wellspring of fortitude to confront all feelings of trepidation. Consistently on the field, they are attempting to confront their dread of death. Valid, there are many individuals who state that demise is a passing change to another kind of life and ought not be an over the top concern. They state Death ought not be dreaded. Little did audience members realize that exactly the same men who put stock in their nonattendance of dread of death are the individuals who are living serenely at home. They relax on their Lazy Boys watching films about war. The might even have a virus container of bear in one hand and a can of hot zesty chicken on the other. These men are the individuals who don't reserve the privilege to talk about war. They don't live and inhale war. They don't see companions go down. They don't hear the shots flying from each point. They can't smell the blood of both adversary and companion. They can't taste the earth that they call beds. They can't feel the blinding consume of torment. I was once in a helicopter during an automatic rifle assault during a salvage. It had 52 projectile openings all through its body. It had bloodstains on the floor from my confidants who kicked the bucket that day. They never recognized what occurred. They didn't get an opportunity. It would have been trivial in the event that they even knew. No, was isn't the sort of experience that one would portray as fun and energizing. It would panic any individual to be a piece, all things considered, That makes fighters legends for making the strides fighting for the benefit of their nation. The creator of I Aint Gonna Study War No More, Phillip Babich, gave an anecdote about an officers change of heart. (Salon.com, April 2003). Sergeant Kevin Benderman is a 10-year veteran in the United States Army, third Infantry Division at Fort Stewart, Georgia. In January, his legion was requested to plan for organization to the nation of Iraq. From that point forward, the Sergeant felt that he proved unable, in great inner voice, return to battle any war. He was sent once before in Iraq in May 2003, and he guaranteed that it has forever left an awful preference for his mouth. He wouldn't like to be a piece of any war later on. As of late, he petitioned for the outspoken opponent status, guaranteeing that he was ethically against wars and announced that he could no longer take an interest on the front line. He has been recounting to his story to radio broadcasts and web destinations to elevate attention to his circumstance. He was planned to meet with the division cleric and a therapist to finish his reports. Lamentably, because of a trouble in plans, it was not finished before the date of arrangement. Sgt. Benderman decided to defy direct requests to send to confront a military court marshal. As of now, he is at Fort Stewart sitting tight for his day in court. At exactly that point would he be able to take his case with respect to his solicitation for pacifist status to the military council. The Sergeants case is a fascinating circumstance. The United States of America has a deliberate military help. With that, one should figure: where do we take a stand? When can a trooper be discharged from his willful selection when he completely understood that war was not what he truly needed or even anticipated. Since he is a volunteer, will he be quickly declined when mentioned to have his intentional activity back? Then again, if such would be the situation, that the United States Government would just permit volunteers to leave the military whenever they wish to, would that cause a far more prominent disarray than attempting to endure the war? The quantity of troopers would lessen to a modest number that it may get wasteful to try and attempt to battle with what was left. With that, I accept that each trooper has the option to be moved to a non battling position inside the military, given that he is weakened to be on the field, until his agreement has lapsed. I do concur that an individual doesn't need to battle during the war on the off chance that he feels that he can't satisfy such without trading off his convictions. He must have everything inside himself that being in a combat area is something he would need. Being weak can just purpose more prominent passing tally, including his crew, individual Americans, and himself. On account of Sgt. Benderman, he ought to be expelled from administration and put in a non-battle position until his selection is finished. Up to that point, the Sergeant can be of better use to the military by maybe being a decent cook. The military could utilize one. Works Cited Patton. Dir. Franklin J. Schaffner. Execution George C. Scott,Karl Malden, Michael Bates, and Karl Vogler. Twenty Century Fox, 1970. Private Ryan. Dir. Steven Spielburg. Execution Tom Hanks, Tom Sizemore, Edward Burns, Jeremy Davies, Barry Pepper. Dreamworks, 1998. I Aint Gonna Study War No More. Salon.com. Phillip Babich, April 2005.

Blog Archive Friday Factoid Global Perspectives at Wharton

Blog Archive Friday Factoid Global Perspectives at Wharton To think that the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania excels only in churning out investment bankers and management consultants would be a mistake.  In fact, Wharton boasts a truly international program, ranked #2 in this area in the 2015  U.S. News World Report  MBA specialty rankings. A full 32% of the school’s Class of 2017 is composed of international students representing 73 countries, and 15.5% of the school’s 2015 graduates took jobs outside the United States. Students who wish to study international business at Wharton have no shortage of options for doing so, including the following: Approximately 100 to 150 Wharton students study at a partner school each year. One popular option is to leverage Wharton’s alliance with INSEAD by taking classes at one of that program’s campuses in Fontainebleau, France, or in Singapore. Alternatively, students can choose a semester-long international exchange program option at one of 17 partner schools in 15 different countries. Students who wish to pursue a dual degree in business and international studies can combine a Wharton MBA with an MA in International Studies from the Lauder Institute, a 24-month intensive program designed for those who seek to conduct high-level business in a country other than the United States. This program has been described by  Bloomberg Businessweekas “arguably the single best global management experience anywhere.” For more information on other defining characteristics of the MBA program at Wharton or one of 15 other top business schools, please check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Friday Factoids University of Pennsylvania (Wharton) Blog Archive Friday Factoid Global Perspectives at Wharton To think that the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania excels only in churning out investment bankers and management consultants would be a mistake.  In fact, Wharton boasts a truly international program, ranked number three in this area in the 2015  U.S. News World Report  MBA specialty rankings. A full 31% of the school’s Class of 2016 is made up of international students representing 71 countries (including dual citizens), and 19.4% of the school’s 2014 graduates took jobs outside the United States. Students who wish to study international business at Wharton have no shortage of options for doing so, including the following: Between 100 and 150 Wharton students study at a partner school each year. One popular option is to leverage Wharton’s alliance with INSEAD by taking classes at one of that program’s campuses in Fontainebleau, France, or in Singapore. Alternatively, students can choose a semester-long international exchange program option at one of 17 partner schools in 15 different countries. Students who wish to pursue a dual degree in business and international studies can combine a Wharton MBA with an MA in International Studies from the Lauder Institute, a 24-month intensive program designed for those who seek to conduct high-level business in a country other than the United States. This program has been described by  Bloomberg Businessweek  as “arguably the single best global management experience anywhere.” For more information on other defining characteristics of the MBA program at Wharton or one of 15 other top business schools, please check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Friday Factoids University of Pennsylvania (Wharton) Blog Archive Friday Factoid Global Perspectives at Wharton To think that the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania excels only in churning out investment bankers and management consultants would be a mistake.  In fact, Wharton boasts a truly international program, ranked #2 in this area in the 2014  U.S. News World Report  MBA specialty rankings. A full 35% of the schools Class of 2015 is made up of international students representing 71 countries, and more than 20.4% of the schools 2013 graduates took jobs outside the United States. Students who wish to study international business at Wharton have no shortage of options for doing so, including the following: Between 100 and 150 Wharton students study at a partner school each year. One popular option is to leverage Wharton’s alliance with INSEAD by taking classes at one of that program’s campuses in Fontainebleau, France, or in Singapore. Alternatively, students can choose a semester-long international exchange program option at one of 18 partner schools in 15 different countries. Students who wish to pursue a dual degree in business and international studies can combine a Wharton MBA with an MA in International Studies from the Lauder Institute, a 24-month intensive program designed for those who seek to conduct high-level business in a country other than the United States. This program has been described by  Bloomberg Businessweek  as “arguably the single best global management experience anywhere.” For more information on other defining characteristics of the MBA program at Wharton or one of 15 other top business schools, please check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Friday Factoids University of Pennsylvania (Wharton) Blog Archive Friday Factoid Global Perspectives at Wharton To think that the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania excels only in churning out investment bankers and management consultants would be a mistake.  In fact, Wharton boasts a truly international program, ranked #5 in this area in the 2017  U.S. News World Report  MBA specialty rankings. A full 32% of the school’s Class of 2018 is composed of international students representing 71 countries, and 15.5% of the school’s 2015 graduates took jobs outside the United States. Students who wish to study international business at Wharton have no shortage of options for doing so, including the following: Numerous students study at a partner school each year. One popular option is to leverage Wharton’s alliance with INSEAD by taking classes at one of that program’s campuses in Fontainebleau, France, or in Singapore. Alternatively, students can choose a semester-long international exchange program option at one of 17 partner schools in 15 different countries. Students who wish to pursue a dual degree in business and international studies can combine a Wharton MBA with an MA in International Studies from the Lauder Institute, a 24-month intensive program designed for those who seek to conduct high-level business in a country other than the United States. This program has been described by  Bloomberg Businessweek as “arguably the single best global management experience anywhere.” For more information on other defining characteristics of the MBA program at Wharton or one of 15 other top business schools, please check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Friday Factoids University of Pennsylvania (Wharton)

Teaching Health Care Students About Disability Within A...

People with disabilities are often treated differently, even in health care settings, than people without disabilities. These differences come in several forms, including communication, coverage, and quality of care. It is important to instill positive, equal ways to interact with disabled patients early in health care students. Educators in various health care disciplines are advocating for a curricula to better serve disabled patients because currently there are major disconnects between the disabled patients and the health care providers. These providers should be better equip to deal with persons who have varying disabilities, as well as making the disabled person feel welcomed and cared about instead of creating a feeling of a barrier. By doing this, the students can better understand how the disabled person experiences daily life, and can provide care accordingly. The main purpose of the assigned paper, â€Å"Teaching Health Care Students About Disability Within a Cultural Com petency Context†, is to inform the readers that cultural competency can influence health education in a positive way. It can address the complexity of the culture of disability. Disability culture is not a by-the-book study like many medical students treat their health care education. Different approaches to the education and interaction processes, as well as challenging established social beliefs, are discussed in this paper. Disability, as quoted in the text, is defined as, â€Å"difficultyShow MoreRelatedDescribe What Your Role, Responsibilities and Boundaries Would Be as a Teacher or Trainer in Terms of the Teaching and Learning Cycle. 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William Shakespeare s Julius Caesar, Hamlet, And Henry V

The Renaissance was a time in which mankind was rediscovering itself. For ages, men were simply trying to exist, survive more than anything else. The Renaissance was a period in which men no longer had to just get by everyday, but could begin exploring morality. No other Renaissance author characterizes this more than William Shakespeare in the early 1600s. His plays highlight the internal moral struggle that every man goes through, the concept of what is right and what is wrong in a world that is full of gray areas. More specifically he deals with the concept of honor and morality in several of his plays. Julius Caesar, Hamlet, and Henry V, to a lesser extent, deal with how men handle these and can reconcile otherwise heinous acts. Now, being well aware that Shakespeare does not account for all the Renaissance writers, however his are the most prevalent still today and it can be argued that Shakespeare did not work alone. For the sake of organization, it is far easier to tackle thes e literary works in chronological order and analyze the individual pieces first and then view them all as one whole. Henry V The earliest of Shakespeare’s plays was Henry V written in 1599. As a whole the play is mostly just a retelling of the battle of Agincourt in the year 1415, featuring the now very famous, â€Å"St. Crispin’s Day† speech. However Shakespeare manages to capture the intensity and pure chaos of war while also having a solid undertone about the morality of men and sending aShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet, King Lear, And A Midsummer s Night Dream1037 Words   |  5 Pagesof Avon, commonly known as William Shakespeare is one of the best known playwrights in the (Video). A few of his most famous plays include Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, King Lear, and A Midsummer’s Night Dream (McArthur). 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Shakespeare 2. Burbage b. other 1. wars of the roses (other historical influences) 2. laws restricting theater III. The theaters a. prices 1. seating 2. stage b. the theater a nd the globe 1. locations and characteristics 2. Burbage and other accomplishmentRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare Biography Essay1691 Words   |  7 Pageswas Shakespeare Biography? Who was William Shakespeare? Where was he born? Where did he go to school? How did William Shakespeare live his life from the beginning to the ending? William Shakespeare’s life became a great mystery with lack of evidence to support any findings. His schooling, his family and parents will be revealed in my paper. Who were William Shakespeare’s parents? The parents of Mr. Shakespeare were John Shakespeare and Mary Arden Shakespeare. 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John was a well-known merchant and Mary was the daughter of a Roman Catholic member of the gentry, or high social position. The house where Shakespeare spent his childhood stood adjacent to he wool shop in which his father plied a successfulRead MoreThe Reign Of Queen Elizabeth I And The Elizabethan Era1787 Words   |  8 Pagesbeginning of the Elizabethan theatre which still to this day influences theatre and the way theatre is presented . The Elizabethan Era began in 1588 and ended in 1603 during Queen Elizabeth I reign England s capital and largest city, London grew to about two hundred thousand people. London s population was divided into three main sections a small but powerful population of wealthy nobles, a prospering middle class, and a large and impoverished lower class living in miserable conditions. In theRead MoreMacbeth9435 Words   |  38 PagesMacbeth From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about Shakespeare s play. For other uses, see  Macbeth (disambiguation). A poster for a  c.  1884 American production ofMacbeth, starring Thomas W. Keene. Depicted, counter clockwise from top-left, are: Macbeth and Banquo meet the  witches; just after the murder ofDuncan; Banquo s ghost; Macbeth duels Macduff; and Macbeth. Macbeth  is a play written by  William Shakespeare. It is considered one of his darkest and most powerful tragedies.

Violence and Its Effect on the Community - 1641 Words

Violence and its Effect on the Community Charlotte Anderson-Brown Axia College of University of Phoenix Violence and its Effect on the Community Violence in the community has become a major issue. While due to law enforcement agencies, community education and crime watch violence can be circumvented; violence directly and indirectly affects how we live our lives. Let’s us first examine what violence is. Violence is a physical action, which takes place once a person becomes upset to a point of being furious, which then leads to another person becoming injured. The possible causes of violence could be sociological, biological or psychological. Violence in the form of bullying, gangs, the use of weapons, domestic and any†¦show more content†¦Juveniles are defined as persons under age 18. Adults are defined as persons age 18 or older. In 1987 drug arrests were 7.4% of the total of all arrests reported to the FBI; by 2007, drug arrests had risen to 13.0% of all arrests. (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1988) Violence takes a toll on everyone and can cause a strain on not only a person’s mental health, but their physical health, also. Because nothing ever seems to get done for the prevention of violence, those in communities affected become tired and weary, putting a strain on their health, due to the stress of this violence. There is an increase of paying taxes, stemming from vandalism of neighborhoods, stealing from homes and stores. Because of this, more law enforcement officers or guards have to be brought in to assist in the prevention of crime. There are those who lose hope, because no matter how much they try to create a better environment, nothing seems work. On the other hand, there are those who have hope and will do anything in their power to assist in the fight against violence. No one is exempt from a world of crime. When at home, anyone stands a chance of being invaded by someone looking for food, money or something he or she can easily take to pawn for money. In the schools, computers are stolen for cash, along with food being taken from the students. This can cause a strain on the school’s budget when they have to replace what has beenShow MoreRelatedDomestic Violence And Its Effects On Individuals, Families And Communities2507 Words   |  11 PagesWhat is Domestic Violence Domestic Violence is a highly prevalent public health problem with devastating effects on individuals, families and the communities. Most Americans are seen at some point in their lives by healthcare workers, and the health care setting offers a critical opportunity for early identification and even the primary prevention of abuse. It is imperative that as healthcare workers, any suspicion of domestic violence be addressed. Domestic violence can take many different formsRead MoreViolence in Youth1171 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Youth violence is defined as violent behaviour that begins early in life and continues throughout subsequent stages of life. Youth violence may include physical and emotional harm, and minor crimes, escalating to murder (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). Youth are recognized as being between the ages of twelve and twenty-four however, teens are the most affected by violence than any other group of youths as they are habitually perceived as the most violent age groupRead MoreEffects of Violence on Adolescence1408 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Violence is a malicious act done by a human being that has the intention of harming or killing another living being. Violence is everywhere: in the home, in the school, and in the community. Violence causes negative effects to humans’ mental health. These negative effects may trigger symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depression, and even anxiety. Symptoms of these disorders can be some of the following: anxiousness, avoidant behavior, feeling a loss of motivation, and feeling of uneasinessRead MoreScope Of Community Violence Among Children1502 Words   |  7 PagesScope of Community Violence among children in the United States Community violence refers to a wide variety of events such as: terrorism, riots, gang wars, mass shootings, bombings, drive-by shootings, murders, kidnappings, drug dealing, robberies, domestic violence, abuse, harassments, and others (Finkelhor, Turner, Ormrod, Hamby, Kracke, 2009; Hamlen Goguen, 2016). Every country in the world experiences some violence. However, the United States has been described as the â€Å"most violent countryRead MoreThe Prevalence Of Gun Violence Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesPrevalence of Gun Violence In African American Communities Introduction Each year homicide and assault-related injuries result in an estimated $16 billion in combined medical and work loss (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/17/education-gun-violence-presidential-debate-2012_n_1974740.html). Gun violence may be broadly defined as a category of violence and crime committed with use of a firearm, it may or may not include actions ruled as self defense, actions for law enforcement. Gun violence is prevalentRead MoreThe Effects of Domestic Violence on Children1529 Words   |  7 PagesProject: The Effects of Domestic Violence on Children Trudy Root Kaplan University CM107-11 Children are negatively impacted by the surrounding of domestic violence in multiple ways, in which need to be identified. The audience that needs to be aware of domestic abuse’s effects on children is adults that care for children; such as pediatricians, teachers, counselors, and parents. The issue that needs to be addressed is the negative effects on children involved in a domestic violence situationRead MoreEffects Of Youth Violence781 Words   |  4 Pagesthe population, youth violence is one of many issues. Youth violence is a behavior in which serious consequences and is now one of the primary public health issues of our period. Youth violence has affected not just the offenders but also their families and the community. Absence of positive role models, violence in families, victims due to violence, poverty and living in a community where crime is committed all contribute to youth violence. Youth Violence Youth violence refers to harmful behaviorsRead MoreThe Effects of Domestic Violence on Children1540 Words   |  7 PagesProject: The Effects of Domestic Violence on Children Trudy Root Kaplan University CM107-11 Children are negatively impacted by the surrounding of domestic violence in multiple ways, in which need to be identified. The audience that needs to be aware of domestic abuse’s effects on children is adults that care for children; such as pediatricians, teachers, counselors, and parents. The issue that needs to be addressed is the negative effects on children involved in a domestic violence situationRead MoreBlack Women And Domestic Violence Essay1701 Words   |  7 Pagesaspect that black women deal with differently, is domestic violence. Black women experience and deal with domestic violence differently than white women, and anyone who else experience domestic violence. Through this paper I would like to explain this difference that black women face when tackling domestic violence due to the â€Å"family secret†, but also how it effects children within the black community, how it can affect the entire community, and lastly why black women should let go of the â €Å"family secret†Read MoreCommunity Violence And How It Affects School Aged Children782 Words   |  4 Pagesthere appeared to be a strong correlation with some articles and the research topic that my group has proposed. My group has suggested for a topic examining community violence and how it affects school aged children. This topic will attempt to show a correlation how violence that takes place in urban environments can have an adverse effect on children and their learning patterns causing a decline in education. The three articles that address this topic of rights of children are; article 19, article

Capital Markets Law Journal for Emerging Markets- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCapital Markets Law Journal for Emerging Markets. Answer: Introduction: The economic growth of the present economy hinges an effective and efficient financial sector which accumulates the domestic savings and increases the capital for the projects that are productive. The non presence of the capital markets may result in the certain development productive projects to be unexploited (Ouandlous, 2010). It is the capital market which connects the financial sector among the real sector and hence results in growth not only in the real sector but also results in economic development. A significant role is played by the capital markets in stimulating the economic growth and also as a significant alternative source for providing the finance for the investments that are on long terms (Ouandlous, 2010). Capital markets are responsible for providing the equity capital and the infrastructure capital for raising the socio economic benefits which are the entry, roads, public transport and communications. The well developed capital markets are responsible for many of the economic benefits which include the employment opportunities, increased productive growth, and the enhanced macroeconomic stability (Sissoko, 2016). For focusing on such significant benefits one has to keep a view on the significance of the capital markets while facilitating the advanced economic performance, job creations that are foster by the capital markets and the required preconditions for the growth of the well functioning capital market (Sissoko, 2016). The capital market offers an ample amount of opportunities for the business while trading the monetary securities that increase the benefits of both the society and the markets. The platform is provided by the capital market to the investors while trading the monetary securities (Kolo Walde, 2008). Capital market enhances the developing countries potential growth and innovation. The globalization forces and technology results in new forms of competition that are transformed noticeably from the capital market globally (Kolo Walde, 2008). Dr. Fakhruddin Ahmed asserted that that Only a vibrant and well-regulated capital market can bring sustainable economic development in the country through making the real sector capable of meeting the challenges of the competitive global economic realities (Kolo Walde, 2008) Literature review: In 2015 the overall economic development is restrained with unbalanced scenario across the different countries and regions (Lee, Oh Park, 2013). The prospect of the conventional financial theory mainly focuses on the qualitative research and the modern theory of the capital market focus on the utilization of the mathematical model and other methods of analysis to process the empirical and quantitative analysis (Lee, Oh Park, 2013). In the starting of 1952 Markowitz projected the combination theory of investment. The modern capital market theory is obtained from the capital market analyzation. The additional organized capital breakdown is starting with twentys of 20 century (Setiawan, 2010). The analysis of the capital market during twenty to fortys is mainly guarded by two groups that are elementary analysis characterized by Graham and Dodd and on the other hand, Magee represented the technical analysis (Setiawan, 2010). Many theorists argued that the capital markets expansion may have the positive impact on the growth of the economy. In the case, the financial sectors act as the supply leading who transmit the resources from the low growth and traditional sectors towards the sectors of high growth and promote and stimulate the entrepreneurial response in the modern sectors. Joseph Yam (2004) asserted that the economic intermediation is directing savings into investments (Dumitriu Stefanescu, 2016). Aziz and Duenwald (2002) stated that economic intermediation influence expansion through the certain channels such as; it can augment the marginal efficiency of capital by accumulating information to assess another investment assignments and also through risk sharing; secondly can lift savings proportions channelled to savings through economic growth (Dumitriu Stefanescu, 2016). Conning and Kevane (2002) asserted that intermediation means an intermediary (Gulati, 2017). Among this, it was added by Gorton and Winton (2002) that it is the cause institution in the saving investment process (Gulati, 2017). They stated that those monetary intermediaries are companies which borrow from the one having the money in excess such as the savers that lend the money to the businesses that require assets for the investment (Gulati, 2017). Many researchers investigated the relation and significance of the stock market growth with the economic expansion and conclusion given by them suggested that the capital market expansion is absolutely concurrent with long term economic development and capital market role is significant in the economic growth of the nation (Maddock, 2013). Equity capital market size is having a positive result on the economic development of the country, such as the elevated turnover and market cap having the major optimistic influence on the financial sys tem. Studies revealed that the countries having the capital markets that are well-developed experience the economic growth higher as compared to the countries not having it (Maddock, 2013). Certain evidence from the study indicate that many capital markets of the African countries are comparatively underdeveloped, such countries that introduce the reforms which gears towards the growth of capital markets is competent to develop at moderately sustainable and higher rates (Maddock, 2013). In 2011 study demonstrated that South Africa is the country having the developed and the largest capital market, in terms of the trading volume and market capitalization that is growing in a significant way since2000 (Clayton Johnson, 2008). Countries such as Ghana, Egypt, Botswana, Tanzania, and Mauritius, where the capital markets have been recently developing, realizes the average per capita development rates of 2.8% and more from the last eight years (Clayton Johnson, 2008). Though, various economies not having an effective or formal capital market such as Seychelles, Lesotho and Ethiopia are not able to realize average per capita expansion rates over 2.7 % from the past eight years (Clayton Johnson, 2008). Even countries having the little and not much developed capital market such as Uganda and Swaziland is not able to realize and manage the average per capita development rates above 2.7 % (Clayton Johnson, 2008). Sharia compliant capital markets apparently hinges on the three basic principles that are the interest ban, truthfulness in the business and wealth tax (Effendi, 2018). Sharia compliant capital markets work on reducing the poverty, increasing the growth of the financial sector, growing contact to finance, structuring the stability of the financial sector and flexibility in client nations (Effendi, 2018). The Sharia compliant capital markets benefits in the three areas which are the sustainable expansion of Islamic business benefits the economic growth, tumbling poverty and encouragement mutual prosperity. It significantly contributes to the economic development, with an undeviating link to the real economy and physical assets (Paulina, 2017). This results in the growth of the financial sector with the expansion of the financial inclusion. Sharia compliant capital markets while improving their financial access and fostering the inclusion of the financial deprived services (Paulina, 20 17). It emphasises mainly the financing that is based on the partnership and is useful in improving the finance access for the small and the poor businesses (Paulina, 2017). Sharia in the financial markets helps in improving the agricultural market while contributing towards the enhanced food security. Sharia also results in strengthening the financial stability (Jaballah, Peillex Weill, 2018). The worldwide crisis of 2008 ravaged financial systems around the globe, it was only the Islamic financial institutions that were comparatively untouched, secluded by the elementary operating principles of risk-sharing and prevention of speculative and leverage financial products (Jaballah, Peillex Weill, 2018). Research Methodology The purpose of the Study The purpose of the study is to understand the scenario of the capital market and its prospects and significance in the economic growth. The research is done to understand the role of the role of financial markets and instruments in economic growth along with this how the developed countries imitate, encourage and regulate capital markets. The role of the Sharia compliant capital markets in economic development. The study reveals how the capital market is responsible for the economic base and influences the future development and helps in realising the potential of the capital market development The capital market has a significant role in speeding up the economic development; hence this research will highlight the capital market significance and explore the credible signs of development (Erdal Yenipazarli, 2013). The Scope of the Study The scope of the study is to understand how the financial segments such as the banking and the socio economic tools which ensure the financial inclusion and supporting growth worldwide on the condition of financing and funding by the Shariah-compliant modes (Biancone Radwan, 2018). It is significant that Sharia capital markets not only proposes the substitute source of investment for the growth of the economic but also have intrinsic principles and characteristics which lend themselves fit to promoting and catalyzing the economic development (Biancone Radwan, 2018). Sources of Data: The data is collected from the both the primary and the secondary sources. Data is collected through the interview that is conducted by the concerned and qualified professionals, surveys, questionnaires, articles, reports and the annual reports. The questions related to the topic that is asked in the interview are as follow: What role doses the capital market plays in the growth of the economy? How does the Sharia compliant capital markets in economic development? The setbacks of the stock market in the economic growth? Discuss the present scenario of the capital market? Discuss the prospective signs that are responsible for the economic growth? How is the financial inclusion responsible for the economic growth? To discuss the major Islamic finance principles those are responsible for the economic growth? How is the capital market responsible for the economic growth and results in job creation? What is the connection between the development of the financial systems, economic growth, and the capital markets? Methods and Techniques Adopted in the Study: The methods and the techniques that are to be adopted in the research study is the qualitative research methodology. The approach of the qualitative research methodology is applied for reviewing the present literature from the different resources that are the scholarly journals, academic, documents, magazines, workshops, and other associated literature of finance industry. The data that is collected for the qualitative research depends on the three variables that are the GDP, GFCF (Real gross fixed capital formation and also the trade activities which include the import and export (Biancone Radwan, 2018). Empirical Analysis: The research utilizes an empirical and investigation analysis approach. The study analysed that the indicators for the capital market growth are considered as the ratios of the share traded, gross capital formation, market capitalization, gross domestic products and foreign private investment as the explanatory variables, on the other hand, GDP is considered as a dependent variable (Hanif, 2011). Research deepens the result empirically and explores certain indicators that explain the normal relation between the growth and finance. The three possibilities which are observed are that; financial growth is a factor of economic development that is leading the supply; financial growth is followed by the economic growth following demand; bidirectional casual among the growth and finance (Hanif, 2011). The stochastic representation of the elementary connection between the capital market expansion and economic development is precisely based on the apparent linear practical relationship among capital market development and economic growth. This facilitates to investigate empirically the connection between the capital market development and economic growth. Hence for considering the growth indicators of the capital market, the ratio of the share value that is traded, gross capital formation, market capitalization and foreign personal investment, to GDP, as an instructive variable, on the other hand, the GDP (gross domestic product) growth act as a dependent variable (Hanif, 2011). The research results to understand that the capital market sustainable development results to augment speedy rates of capital accumulation for better gains in productivity and also among the economic growth among the requirement to balance market development among the macroeconomic policy of real sector drive reminiscent of noteworthy decrease in lending rates to encourage manufacturing activities and investment in the real sector and transform capital market gains to output growth (Hanif, 2011) . Conclusions and Recommendations Hence from the research, it is concluded that the capital markets role is important for the comprehensive growth in provisions of wealth distribution and safer capital for the investors. Capital markets can results in to the financial inclusion by commencing the new-fangled services and products customized to suit the investors inclination for return and risk among this the borrowers risk appetite and project requirements. Credit counselling, Innovation, financial education and appropriate section identification comprise the promising strategies to attain this. The positive economic development in a great way is connected with the goal of enhancing the financial inclusion. Hence the Shariah-Compliant Socio-Economic tools of the capital markets resulted in the economic development with an increase in an output and creating jobs. References Biancone, P., Radwan, M. (2018). Sharia-Compliant financing for public utility infrastructure.Utilities Policy, 5(1), 2-10. Clayton Johnson, W. (2008). Recent SEC initiatives that should enhance access to the US capital markets by foreign private issuers.Capital Markets Law Journal,3(4), 389-416. Dumitriu, R., Stefanescu, R. (2016). Impact of the NYSE Shocks on the European Developed Capital Markets.SSRN Electronic Journal 2(1), 5-6. Effendi, J. (2018). The determinant of equity financing in sharia banking and sharia business units.Economic Journal Of Emerging Markets,10(1), 111-120. Erdal, F., Yenipazarli, A. (2013). Which Economic Freedoms Contribute Income per Capita? Are Results Sensitive to the Indicators and the Estimation Methods?.Emerging Markets Finance And Trade,49(s5), 130-147. Gulati, M. (2017). How Much Can the Global Bond Markets Constrain Bad Governments?.Capital Markets Law Journal,12(1), 1-2. Hanif, M. (2011). Re-Action of Market to Sharia Compliant Index (KMI-30): An Opinion Survey of Accounting Finance Executives.SSRN Electronic Journal. Jaballah, J., Peillex, J., Weill, L. (2018). Is Being Sharia compliant worth it?.Economic Modelling. Kolo, A., Walde, T. (2008). Economic crises, capital transfer restrictions and investor protection under modern investment treaties.Capital Markets Law Journal,3(2), 154-185. Lee, H., Oh, S., Park, K. (2013). How Do Capital Structure Policies of Emerging Markets Differ from Those of Developed Economies? Survey Evidence from Korea.SSRN Electronic Journal 4(2), 6-8.. Maddock, R. (2013). Banks, Capital Markets and Australian Economic Development.SSRN Electronic Journal 10(2), 124-125. Ouandlous, A. (2010). Capital Markets And Economic Development: A Framework For Newly Liberalized Economies.Journal Of Business Economics Research (JBER),8(6), 178. Paulina, P. (2017). Sharia Finance Industry: Role and Contribution in Indonesia's Economic Development Currently.Journal Of Islamic Banking And Finance,5(2), 8-15. Setiawan, K. (2010). Do Emerging Capital Markets Move Toward the World Integrated Market? A Study on Comovement of Returns between Emerging Capital Markets in Asia and Developed Capital Markets.SSRN Electronic Journal, 2(4), 9-10. Sissoko, C. (2016). The Plight of Modern Markets: How Universal Banking Undermines Capital Markets.Economic Notes,46(1), 53-104.

Regionalism in Canadian Literature Essay Example

Regionalism in Canadian Literature Paper Top of Form 1 The term regionalism is an inevitable idea when it comes to Canadian literature and the never ending search for Canadian identity. The definition of regionalism in literature is said to be â€Å"fiction and poetry that focuses on the characters, dialect, customs, topography, and other features particular to a specific region† (Campbell). Northrop Frye, a respected Canadian literary critic, discusses the development of regionalism in Canadian literature and stresses â€Å"the importance of regions to the creative imagination, arguing that an imagination conditioned by prairie stretching to the horizon would develop differently from one shaped by the huge mountains and trees of British Columbia or by the churning sea around Newfoundland† (Fiamengo). is that experiencing the variety of environments that exist in Canada would cause Canadian authors of different regions to develop and emphasize the specific aspects associated with their particular region. In their writing, regionalism speaks to the characters of the novel and manipulates their identity to match the landscape and history of the region. This displays a true connection with the region and there is â€Å"no doubt that regionalism stems from a deep personal involvement with a particular place, a lived experience that is not available to the causal observer† (Jordan, 9). In the novels As for Me and My House by Sinclair Ross and The Diviners by Margaret Laurence aspects of regionalism are very prominent. We will write a custom essay sample on Regionalism in Canadian Literature specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Regionalism in Canadian Literature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Regionalism in Canadian Literature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The central characters in each novel develop identities which reflect the regions in which they live. Ross’ characters, Mr. and Mrs. Bentley, develop the hollow existence and aversive attitudes that are common in small prairie towns. Laurence’s characters, Morag and Pique Gunn, develop an identity that reflects the history of the land and the happenings associated with the imagined town of Manawaka. The forms of regionalism in these two novels foster the idea that â€Å"metaphor relates man to the world in which he lives. It is a connective image which at once reveals a disparity and an affinity. The connection moves between the human individual and the perceived order of the world; it is always at once particular and indicative of identity, pointing to cultural orientation† (Adamson). Sinclair Ross’ novel, As for Me and My House deals with the tired, repetitive nature of small prairie towns in western Canada and how this nature becomes regurgitated in the lives of Mr. and Mrs. Bentley. In this case, regionalism that is associated with the prairies focuses on the landscape. Historically, the first settlers of the prairies attempted to deal with the environment. They â€Å"responded by trying to force the foreign environment to conform to their familiar frames of reference, with little success† (Jordan, 93). This novel is a representation of the prairie life through and though. It is interesting how the name of any town or reference to a province is obsolete yet we get the true feelings associated with the prairies still. In his book Introduction to Sinclair Ross: As for Me and My House, Roy Daniells says, â€Å"although precise dates, places and historical events are avoided, there is no doubt that these pages present the prairies of the drought and the depression, the long succession of years between the two wars† (Daniells, ix). Regionalism is also represented in the historical happenings of the region. The specific outcomes that the depression and drought had on the prairie lands are outlined throughout the novel and add to the authenticity of the experiences. When speaking of the drought and the depression, Mrs. Bentley says, â€Å"It makes me wonder how things are going to be with us. The crop is the town’s bread and butter too; and the first place we are going to feel the pinch is the collection plate. We’re behind already with the car, and now that Steve’s here the store accounts will climb just twice as fast† (Ross, 75). When Mrs. Bentley exposes her financial worries to the readers, we truly get the feeling of her struggle to live comfortably in the prairie society. The economic struggle is a big theme in this novel and the prairies themselves. Amongst the failing of the collection plate, â€Å"the latter pages of the book are dominated by Mrs. Bentley’s attempts to recover a thousand dollars from the twenty-eight hundred owed to her husband by the towns he has served† (Davey, 34). As well, the mention of the farmers’ crops divulge more hardships that the land has brought upon it’s people. These experiences are none unlike the events experienced by the true prairie world in the past and continue to expose the regionalism with which Ross chooses to write. The vivid life that is given to the novel provokes the readers understand of the true struggle during the depression era and allows them to observe prairie life almost first-hand. The people of the prairies have to fight against the land and the elements to live a comfortable, satisfactory life. Regionalism is demonstrated here in the sense that the land of the prairie region is such a powerful force. The inhabitants have little choice but to have their identities moulded around these factors. Like the real world situation, Mr. and Mrs. Bentley, as well as the rest of the townspeople of Horizon, become shaped by factors such as these. The wind, the dust and the struggles with seasons all have a stake in making each character who they are or who they will become. It is said about this environment that â€Å"the vast emptiness envisioned by early settlers and writers has provided a ground for the dramatization of an existential conflict pitting the internal unity of human consciousness against the horrifying void of an unknowable external world† (Jordan, 94). In Canadian literature, this conflict is emphasized and the extent to which the land threatens identity becomes a reoccurring theme among Canadian fiction. As for Me and My House is an excellent example of this. The town itself seems to be depleted and hopeless. It is categorized by â€Å"broken sidewalks and rickety false fronts† (Ross, 5). Even the infrastructure seems to be suffering the external consequences. Mrs. Bentley’s diary entries capture all of these shortcomings and â€Å"the world that emerges through these entries is claustrophobic. The walls of the house stifle the inhabitants, not because they isolate those inside from the exterior world but because the world outside constantly seeps in through the doors and windows, through cracks in the walls, and through the roof only to remind the occupants of the prison that they have built for themselves† (Jordan, 95). Mrs. Bentley retreats to the outside world for relief, because no matter what, the land’s curse is inescapable. Even in her own home, comfort does not exist. Mrs. Bentley’s character suffers from this dreary lifestyle. Her use of language to describe the prairies is parallel to the words that are used to describe humanity itself. An excellent description of the harsh environment she endures is given to the reader at the beginning of the novel. She says, â€Å"It’s an immense night out there, wheeling and windy. The lights on the street and in the houses are helpless against the black wetness, little unilluminating glints that might be painted on it. The town seems huddled together, cowering on a high tiny perch, afraid to move lest it topple into the wind† (Ross, 4). In this sense, the land and its elements become a large metaphor for the people of the prairies. Words such as â€Å"helpless† and â€Å"cowering† are effective words to describe the people of Horizon. In his book Vertical Man/Horizontal World, Laurence Ricou explains Ross’ writing to be â€Å"the first in Canada to show a profound awareness of the metaphorical possibilities of the prairie landscape† (Ricou, 82). He also says that â€Å"the people of Horizon, as Mrs. Bentley describes them, mirror the physical environment’s dry and featureless visage, and yet they are not home in it† (Ricou, 82). This statement cleverly demonstrates how the aversive environment makes the townspeople, like Mrs. Finley, stern and non-personable. They are making ends meet, yet they are uncomfortable in their own lifestyle path. It is because of the environment that Mrs. Bentley seems to be passive and depressed. There is a scene that describes the Bentleys outside after a church service. She says, â€Å"mile after mile the wind poured by, and we were immersed and lost in it. I sat breathing from my throat, my muscles tense. To relax, I felt, would be to let the walls around me crumple in† (Ross, 52). Mrs. Bentley is represented as inferior to the wind and its forces. She is presented to the reader in a feeble light, almost as if her existence could vanish at any moment. In this sense she has become helpless against the life she chose. Her ability to do what she desires is quite limited by the physical environment as â€Å"the wind carries the totality of possibilities which life offers, possibilities which cannot be grasped or merely pass unnoticed† (Ricou, 85). This implies that Mrs. Bentley sees what she is missing in her life and understands her missed opportunities, but can do little about this because her whole existence has been spent moving from one little prairie town to another. She is vulnerable and stagnant in the prairie society as she practices the same routines each day and becomes engulfed in the land as sacrifice. In her diary, Mrs. Bentley seems to focus too much on weather elements and she uses â€Å"the prairie constantly as a mirror of her own fears, frustrations, and helplessness† (Kreisel, 260). It is her fixation with the wind, rain and dust that lets the reader assume that many people of that region are â€Å"possessed by the prairie,† giving up their â€Å"mind and body as it if were an extension of it† (Kreisel, 262). It is clear of the implications of the region upon its people, like Mrs. Bentley, and it’s development into regionalism. Philip also suffers from the consequences of landscape and the prairie’s harsh physical environment. It causes him to retreat into his study and allow his relationship with his wife to diminish as he â€Å"turns inward in an attempt to find a refuge from the emptiness of the prairie† (Jordan, 96). In order to escape his fate he turns to art in the forms of writing and painting. Unfortunately his attempt to break loose from the constraints of the environment seem to confine him even more. He lives a life that is devoted to expressing his feelings on the prairies though his art. Even in the solitude of his private study, the prairies invade his thoughts. This life that he turns to is â€Å"no less stifling than the world of Horizon† (Jordan, 96). His pictures very much resemble the land as it is depicted in the novel and therefore reflect not only the real setting but Philip’s identity as well. Mrs. Bentley describes one picture as â€Å"a good job, if it’s good in a picture to make you feel terror and pity and desolation† (Ross, 219). These feelings that arise in Mrs. Bentley when she studies the picture are also the feelings that Philip feels about the external prairie. Philip’s character is now seen in a dark light, one that is colored by hopelessness and â€Å"emotional and intellectual suffocation† (Ricou, 86). As well as art, religion and the puritan lifestyle of the prairies in the depression era forge the identities of the people. Philip is portrayed in the diary as a soul tormented by his religious lifestyle. He is regretfully the â€Å"embodiment of the puritan temperament, the product of his environment and much more a part of it then he would ever admit† (Kreisel, 264). He cannot shake loose from this destiny and he â€Å"pretends to be what he can never be, for the sake of a meagre existence, and yet he is heartsick with awareness of the futility of his pretense† (Ricou, 84). It is said that â€Å"prairie puritanism is one result of the conquest of the land, part of the price exacted from conquest. Like the theme of the conquest of the land, the theme of the imprisoned spirit dominates serious prairie writing, and is connected with it† (Kreisel, 265). The regionalism that is associated with this strict lifestyle is reflected by how the characters demonstrate the puritan ideal. In her novel, The Diviners, Margaret Laurence also writes with an emphasis on regionalism. Both Morag Gunn and her daughter, Pique, are adamant on establishing a sense of identity. On this search for identity, both characters are influenced by the region that they have been subjected to. Margaret Laurence’s small town of Manawaka is one of the greatest fictional towns in Canadian literature. Laurence has carried this town through in many of her novels and her geographical creation is said to be â€Å"deeply rooted in the author’s hometown of Neepawa in the Province of Manitoba† and â€Å"at the same time an amalgam of many prairie towns† (Tsutsumi, 307). In examining the nature of Manawaka and its influence on its people â€Å"the reader is required to have a fair grasp of not only the physical but also the mental, spiritual, historical and cultural peculiarities of the region† (Tsutsumi. 307). This refers to the aspects of regionalism that have the potential to be analyzed within the town of Manawaka. Laurence gives the town a vividly real landscape and a rich historical background and â€Å"after five books, the town of Manawaka can be specifically mapped. It geography is precise and consistent, and there are now many landmarks in the town. The cemetery, the garbage dump and the valley where the Tonnerres have their shacks are all on the outskirts of Manawaka† (Thomas, 180-81). Manawaka â€Å"acts as a setting for the dilemmas of its unique individuals and also exercising its own powerful dynamic on them† (Thomas, 174). The characters experience many events due to the town’s historical roots and values and ultimately, characters tend to grow apart from the sullen town. However, this growth is purely physical because Canadian towns, such as the fictional Manawaka, tend to leave a mark and a great impression on its inhabitants. The characters that are involved with the town â€Å"carry Manawaka with them, its constraints and inhibitions, but also its sense of roots, of ancestors, and of a past that is living still, both it’s achievements and its tragic errors† (Thomas, 177). In The Diviners, both Morag and Pique feel the need leave their prairie towns and therefore, the setting of Manawaka exists only in past reference. Regardless of this, it consumes their lives. It is because of this that â€Å"Manawaka as a setting constitutes only one third of the story, but the region follows the heroine wherever she goes, enriched by each of her experiences while the heroine pursues her path leading to the art of ‘divining’. The visions Laurence created with her magic rod of divining are regional in their details† (Tsutsumi, 312). All these aspects make Manawaka what it has become in the world of Canadian literature. It represents the foundation for all of Laurence’s achievements as it is embedded so deeply into her personal roots as well as her characters’ roots. â€Å"Manawaka was Laurence’s time and place, and she set herself to get it ‘exactly right’. Her success fulfills the prophecy of the closing line in one of her undergraduate poems: ‘this land will be my immortality’†(Morley, 139). A statement such as this demonstrates the extreme to which Laurence is connected to this prairie land, and also the town as a reflection of other Canadian prairie towns. Regionalism is portrayed here in it’s fullest. With regard to the region, as any true prairie town, Manawaka is complete with tales of historical trials and tribulations. The people of the town emphasize history and relish it’s significance in their lives. These tales are used to refer to historical events throughout the novel. They surround the town and demonstrate to the reader the true nature of it’s heritage. The stories told and celebrated by Christie Logan and the Tonnerre family emphasize the historical implications of the battles that were fought on the land and are manipulated just enough to give them a small town twist. By telling the stories of Piper Gunn and Rider Tonnerre, â€Å"it is made clear that the townspeople incorporate in their bones and blood a far longer span of history than the town’s, one that comes down from the time of the Highland Clearances and from before the settlement of the West, and is landmarked by battlesBatoche, Bourlon, Wood, and Dieppe† (Thomas, 187). Laurence uses these stories as a catalyst in both Morag and Pique’s search for identity and belonging. The greatest journey in this novel is the quest for identity and â€Å"Morag Gunn is trying to reconcile an inner autochthonous nature and an outer assumed persona, one which is formed and fostered by the society in which she lives. The dichotomy is between nature and civilization, and true identity can only come with a fusion of the two elements of our human experience† (Adamson). In this sense, the society in which she lives is portrayed when â€Å"history and legend merge in Morag’s pictures of herself as a small child† (Morley, 119). Morag identifies with the story of Piper Gunn and â€Å"the ancestral heritage characterized by the stern Calvinism of Scottish Presbyterian Protestantism as well as the tribal pride symbolized by tartan checks and kilts† (Tsutsumi, 310). It takes a great many years before Morag understands and associates these legends and truths with her development into an adult woman. The region that she grew up hating had one of the most significant impacts on her life. It is the stories of her land that first encourage a young Morag to jot down poems and stories in her scribbler. Laurence gives specific mention to this new hobby when she says, â€Å"Morag is working on another story as well. She does not know where it came from. It comes into your head, and when you write it down, it surprises you, because you never knew what was going to happen until you put it down† (Laurence, 100). At this instance, Morag seems to find an excitement and a novelty in writing. Christie’s stories of her ancestors and the land inspire her, and her career as a writer begins here. As well as being a springboard for Morag’s future, these stories emphasize to the reader the social class system that exists in small towns such as Manawaka. The tales are an extended metaphor for this inequality throughout the novel, as well as a metaphor for the importance of identity. In his article, Arthur Adamson says, â€Å"it is not description of prairie scenery or of the Precambrian Shield that makes a regional writer, but the ability to translate descriptive elements into metaphor, to reveal the reality of the confrontation of nature and civilization† (Adamson). The nature of the people in this region and their living patterns are the aspects that separate Morag and Jules from the rest of the town. It is said that, â€Å"The Diviners portrays class prejudice in an ostensibly democratic society. Attempts to humiliate Morag only encourage her inner toughness† (Morley, 123). This also demonstrates to the reader how the town’s ignorance to the less fortunate helps her to develop that strong exterior that allows her to contend with difficulties bigger than the small town gossip of Manawaka and other prairie towns. The town â€Å"presents a false image of respectability, first seen in the social elements of Manawaka: the residential area as opposed to the nuisance grounds and the half breed dwellings† (Adamson). It’s attitude towards the outcasts is kept socially hidden by some of the more prominent townspeople but Morag sees through this. The treatment of these people, such as the Tonnerres, resemble similar occurrences in many small prairie towns. With regard to this vicious social stratification, â€Å"Manawaka’s was a swiftly forming social system, based on thrift, hard work, pressure to conform to the patterns of respectability, and, above all, financial success† (Thomas, 184). This regionalistic factor becomes extended throughout the novel. Pique also feels the pressure of being different. There is an instance in the novel that Pique complains to her mother about the kids at school teasing her about her heritage. She struggles with her mixed race and â€Å"carries in her veins a heritage that she does not yet understand but is unwilling and unable to reject† (Morley, 119). This is due to the fact that â€Å"Laurence’s fiction accurately depicts the general contempt with which the Metis were regarded in the latter part of the nineteenth century, and the twentieth† (Morley, 143). The region’s heritage was, and will always truly be based on the native peoples. The new settlers in the land, which are spoken about in the tales of Piper and Rider, are the people who abolished these culturally rich tribes. The townspeople in this novel continue to have these narrow views on the ones they call â€Å"half-breeds† and therefore, The Diviners is an accurate depiction of the region and the prairies. Pique is the connection of two important cultures and â€Å"when Pique sings her own song at the end of the story, the two traditions are fused together and she will become an inheritor† (Tsutsumi, 311). The nature of regionalism in this novel is the historical importance of the people and the land. It encourages both Morag and Pique to discover their significant heritages and enables them to remain connected with their prairie lands regardless of their current living situations. There is no doubt that â€Å"no town in our literature has been so consistently and extensively developed as Margaret Laurence’s Manawaka. Through five works of fiction, it has grown as a vividly realized, microcosmic world† (Thomas, 174). It is quite evident that regionalism plays a major part in Canadian literature. In its many forms it brings a region to life for the author, the reader, and most importantly, the characters. A region can seem like a simple backdrop to the story-line until it is analyzed by the reader. On a second glance, a region contains many aspects, specific to it’s domain, that become one with its land and the inhabitants. In the Canadian novel, its influence on character is very prominent. The ability of the region to shape one’s identity is the central idea of regionalism. In the novels As for Me and My House by Sinclair Ross and The Diviners by Margaret Laurence, the environment plays a large role in the definition of identity. Ross’ characters, Mr. and Mrs. Bentley, find themselves lost in the void of the prairie and they become emblematic of the land in which they occupy. In this sense, their identity is a mere flicker in the emptiness of the prairie that demonstrates a hollow existence. Laurence’s characters, Morag and Pique Gunn both derive their identities from the heritage that they have inherited from their ancestors. In doing so, they come to understand the significance of the historical events of the region and appreciate the land in which they live. Each of these outcomes deal with the prairie life and, although they re quite different, they are a truly symbolic to the region. It is by using metaphor that Ross and Laurence are brilliantly able to achieve such strong regional statements. Their metaphors effectively express prairie life and the characteristics associated with it. Works CitedAdamson, Arthur. Identity Through Metaphor: An Approach to the Question of Regionalism in Canadian Literature Studies in Canadian Literature. 5. 1 (1980). 11 Feb. 2010. Campbell, Donna M. Regionalism and Local Color Fiction, 1865-1895. Literary Movements. 22 May 2007. 7 Feb. 010. .Daniells, Roy. â€Å"Introduction. † As for Me and My House. Ed. Malcolm Ross. Toronto, ON: McClelland Stewart, 1957. v-x. Davey, Frank. â€Å"The Conflicting Signs of As for Me and My House. † From the Heart of the Heartland: The Fiction of Sinclair Ross. Ed. John Moss. Ottawa, ON: University of Ottawa Press, 1992. 25-37. Jordan, David M. â€Å"Introduction. † New World Regionalism: Literature in the Americas. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press Incorporated, 1994. 3-10. Jordan, David M. â€Å"The Canadian Prairie: Sinclair Ross’s As for Me and My House. New World Regionalism: Literature in the Americas. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press Incorporated, 1 994. 93-97. Kreisel, Henry. â€Å"The Prairie: A State of Mind. † Contexts of Canadian Criticism. Ed. Eli Mandel. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1971. 254-266. Laurence, Margaret. The Diviners. Toronto, ON: McClelland Stewart, 2007. Morley, Patricia. Margaret Laurence. Boston : Twayne Publishers, 1981. Ricou, Laurence. â€Å"The Prairie Internalized: The Fiction of Sinclair Ross. † Vertical Man/Horizontal World. British Columbia: University of British Columbia Press, 1974. 1-94. Ross, Sinclair. As for Me and My House. Toronto, ON: McClelland Stewart, 2008. Thomas, Clara. The Manawaka World of Margaret Laurence. Toronto: McClelland Stewart, 1975. Tsutsumi, Toshiko. â€Å"Regionalism, Nationalism and Internationalism in Margaret Laurence. † Nationalism vs. Internationalism. Ed. Wolfgang Zach. Tubingen: Stauffenburg, 1996. 307-312. Fiamengo, Janice. Regionalism and urbanism. The Cambridge Companion to Canadian Literature. Ed. Eva-Marie Kroller. C ambridge University Press, 2004. Cambridge Collections Online. 16 Feb. 2010. Regionalism in Canadian Literature Essay Example Regionalism in Canadian Literature Essay Top of Form 1 The term regionalism is an inevitable idea when it comes to Canadian literature and the never ending search for Canadian identity. The definition of regionalism in literature is said to be â€Å"fiction and poetry that focuses on the characters, dialect, customs, topography, and other features particular to a specific region† (Campbell). Northrop Frye, a respected Canadian literary critic, discusses the development of regionalism in Canadian literature and stresses â€Å"the importance of regions to the creative imagination, arguing that an imagination conditioned by prairie stretching to the horizon would develop differently from one shaped by the huge mountains and trees of British Columbia or by the churning sea around Newfoundland† (Fiamengo). is that experiencing the variety of environments that exist in Canada would cause Canadian authors of different regions to develop and emphasize the specific aspects associated with their particular region. In their writing, regionalism speaks to the characters of the novel and manipulates their identity to match the landscape and history of the region. This displays a true connection with the region and there is â€Å"no doubt that regionalism stems from a deep personal involvement with a particular place, a lived experience that is not available to the causal observer† (Jordan, 9). In the novels As for Me and My House by Sinclair Ross and The Diviners by Margaret Laurence aspects of regionalism are very prominent. We will write a custom essay sample on Regionalism in Canadian Literature specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Regionalism in Canadian Literature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Regionalism in Canadian Literature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The central characters in each novel develop identities which reflect the regions in which they live. Ross’ characters, Mr. and Mrs. Bentley, develop the hollow existence and aversive attitudes that are common in small prairie towns. Laurence’s characters, Morag and Pique Gunn, develop an identity that reflects the history of the land and the happenings associated with the imagined town of Manawaka. The forms of regionalism in these two novels foster the idea that â€Å"metaphor relates man to the world in which he lives. It is a connective image which at once reveals a disparity and an affinity. The connection moves between the human individual and the perceived order of the world; it is always at once particular and indicative of identity, pointing to cultural orientation† (Adamson). Sinclair Ross’ novel, As for Me and My House deals with the tired, repetitive nature of small prairie towns in western Canada and how this nature becomes regurgitated in the lives of Mr. and Mrs. Bentley. In this case, regionalism that is associated with the prairies focuses on the landscape. Historically, the first settlers of the prairies attempted to deal with the environment. They â€Å"responded by trying to force the foreign environment to conform to their familiar frames of reference, with little success† (Jordan, 93). This novel is a representation of the prairie life through and though. It is interesting how the name of any town or reference to a province is obsolete yet we get the true feelings associated with the prairies still. In his book Introduction to Sinclair Ross: As for Me and My House, Roy Daniells says, â€Å"although precise dates, places and historical events are avoided, there is no doubt that these pages present the prairies of the drought and the depression, the long succession of years between the two wars† (Daniells, ix). Regionalism is also represented in the historical happenings of the region. The specific outcomes that the depression and drought had on the prairie lands are outlined throughout the novel and add to the authenticity of the experiences. When speaking of the drought and the depression, Mrs. Bentley says, â€Å"It makes me wonder how things are going to be with us. The crop is the town’s bread and butter too; and the first place we are going to feel the pinch is the collection plate. We’re behind already with the car, and now that Steve’s here the store accounts will climb just twice as fast† (Ross, 75). When Mrs. Bentley exposes her financial worries to the readers, we truly get the feeling of her struggle to live comfortably in the prairie society. The economic struggle is a big theme in this novel and the prairies themselves. Amongst the failing of the collection plate, â€Å"the latter pages of the book are dominated by Mrs. Bentley’s attempts to recover a thousand dollars from the twenty-eight hundred owed to her husband by the towns he has served† (Davey, 34). As well, the mention of the farmers’ crops divulge more hardships that the land has brought upon it’s people. These experiences are none unlike the events experienced by the true prairie world in the past and continue to expose the regionalism with which Ross chooses to write. The vivid life that is given to the novel provokes the readers understand of the true struggle during the depression era and allows them to observe prairie life almost first-hand. The people of the prairies have to fight against the land and the elements to live a comfortable, satisfactory life. Regionalism is demonstrated here in the sense that the land of the prairie region is such a powerful force. The inhabitants have little choice but to have their identities moulded around these factors. Like the real world situation, Mr. and Mrs. Bentley, as well as the rest of the townspeople of Horizon, become shaped by factors such as these. The wind, the dust and the struggles with seasons all have a stake in making each character who they are or who they will become. It is said about this environment that â€Å"the vast emptiness envisioned by early settlers and writers has provided a ground for the dramatization of an existential conflict pitting the internal unity of human consciousness against the horrifying void of an unknowable external world† (Jordan, 94). In Canadian literature, this conflict is emphasized and the extent to which the land threatens identity becomes a reoccurring theme among Canadian fiction. As for Me and My House is an excellent example of this. The town itself seems to be depleted and hopeless. It is categorized by â€Å"broken sidewalks and rickety false fronts† (Ross, 5). Even the infrastructure seems to be suffering the external consequences. Mrs. Bentley’s diary entries capture all of these shortcomings and â€Å"the world that emerges through these entries is claustrophobic. The walls of the house stifle the inhabitants, not because they isolate those inside from the exterior world but because the world outside constantly seeps in through the doors and windows, through cracks in the walls, and through the roof only to remind the occupants of the prison that they have built for themselves† (Jordan, 95). Mrs. Bentley retreats to the outside world for relief, because no matter what, the land’s curse is inescapable. Even in her own home, comfort does not exist. Mrs. Bentley’s character suffers from this dreary lifestyle. Her use of language to describe the prairies is parallel to the words that are used to describe humanity itself. An excellent description of the harsh environment she endures is given to the reader at the beginning of the novel. She says, â€Å"It’s an immense night out there, wheeling and windy. The lights on the street and in the houses are helpless against the black wetness, little unilluminating glints that might be painted on it. The town seems huddled together, cowering on a high tiny perch, afraid to move lest it topple into the wind† (Ross, 4). In this sense, the land and its elements become a large metaphor for the people of the prairies. Words such as â€Å"helpless† and â€Å"cowering† are effective words to describe the people of Horizon. In his book Vertical Man/Horizontal World, Laurence Ricou explains Ross’ writing to be â€Å"the first in Canada to show a profound awareness of the metaphorical possibilities of the prairie landscape† (Ricou, 82). He also says that â€Å"the people of Horizon, as Mrs. Bentley describes them, mirror the physical environment’s dry and featureless visage, and yet they are not home in it† (Ricou, 82). This statement cleverly demonstrates how the aversive environment makes the townspeople, like Mrs. Finley, stern and non-personable. They are making ends meet, yet they are uncomfortable in their own lifestyle path. It is because of the environment that Mrs. Bentley seems to be passive and depressed. There is a scene that describes the Bentleys outside after a church service. She says, â€Å"mile after mile the wind poured by, and we were immersed and lost in it. I sat breathing from my throat, my muscles tense. To relax, I felt, would be to let the walls around me crumple in† (Ross, 52). Mrs. Bentley is represented as inferior to the wind and its forces. She is presented to the reader in a feeble light, almost as if her existence could vanish at any moment. In this sense she has become helpless against the life she chose. Her ability to do what she desires is quite limited by the physical environment as â€Å"the wind carries the totality of possibilities which life offers, possibilities which cannot be grasped or merely pass unnoticed† (Ricou, 85). This implies that Mrs. Bentley sees what she is missing in her life and understands her missed opportunities, but can do little about this because her whole existence has been spent moving from one little prairie town to another. She is vulnerable and stagnant in the prairie society as she practices the same routines each day and becomes engulfed in the land as sacrifice. In her diary, Mrs. Bentley seems to focus too much on weather elements and she uses â€Å"the prairie constantly as a mirror of her own fears, frustrations, and helplessness† (Kreisel, 260). It is her fixation with the wind, rain and dust that lets the reader assume that many people of that region are â€Å"possessed by the prairie,† giving up their â€Å"mind and body as it if were an extension of it† (Kreisel, 262). It is clear of the implications of the region upon its people, like Mrs. Bentley, and it’s development into regionalism. Philip also suffers from the consequences of landscape and the prairie’s harsh physical environment. It causes him to retreat into his study and allow his relationship with his wife to diminish as he â€Å"turns inward in an attempt to find a refuge from the emptiness of the prairie† (Jordan, 96). In order to escape his fate he turns to art in the forms of writing and painting. Unfortunately his attempt to break loose from the constraints of the environment seem to confine him even more. He lives a life that is devoted to expressing his feelings on the prairies though his art. Even in the solitude of his private study, the prairies invade his thoughts. This life that he turns to is â€Å"no less stifling than the world of Horizon† (Jordan, 96). His pictures very much resemble the land as it is depicted in the novel and therefore reflect not only the real setting but Philip’s identity as well. Mrs. Bentley describes one picture as â€Å"a good job, if it’s good in a picture to make you feel terror and pity and desolation† (Ross, 219). These feelings that arise in Mrs. Bentley when she studies the picture are also the feelings that Philip feels about the external prairie. Philip’s character is now seen in a dark light, one that is colored by hopelessness and â€Å"emotional and intellectual suffocation† (Ricou, 86). As well as art, religion and the puritan lifestyle of the prairies in the depression era forge the identities of the people. Philip is portrayed in the diary as a soul tormented by his religious lifestyle. He is regretfully the â€Å"embodiment of the puritan temperament, the product of his environment and much more a part of it then he would ever admit† (Kreisel, 264). He cannot shake loose from this destiny and he â€Å"pretends to be what he can never be, for the sake of a meagre existence, and yet he is heartsick with awareness of the futility of his pretense† (Ricou, 84). It is said that â€Å"prairie puritanism is one result of the conquest of the land, part of the price exacted from conquest. Like the theme of the conquest of the land, the theme of the imprisoned spirit dominates serious prairie writing, and is connected with it† (Kreisel, 265). The regionalism that is associated with this strict lifestyle is reflected by how the characters demonstrate the puritan ideal. In her novel, The Diviners, Margaret Laurence also writes with an emphasis on regionalism. Both Morag Gunn and her daughter, Pique, are adamant on establishing a sense of identity. On this search for identity, both characters are influenced by the region that they have been subjected to. Margaret Laurence’s small town of Manawaka is one of the greatest fictional towns in Canadian literature. Laurence has carried this town through in many of her novels and her geographical creation is said to be â€Å"deeply rooted in the author’s hometown of Neepawa in the Province of Manitoba† and â€Å"at the same time an amalgam of many prairie towns† (Tsutsumi, 307). In examining the nature of Manawaka and its influence on its people â€Å"the reader is required to have a fair grasp of not only the physical but also the mental, spiritual, historical and cultural peculiarities of the region† (Tsutsumi. 307). This refers to the aspects of regionalism that have the potential to be analyzed within the town of Manawaka. Laurence gives the town a vividly real landscape and a rich historical background and â€Å"after five books, the town of Manawaka can be specifically mapped. It geography is precise and consistent, and there are now many landmarks in the town. The cemetery, the garbage dump and the valley where the Tonnerres have their shacks are all on the outskirts of Manawaka† (Thomas, 180-81). Manawaka â€Å"acts as a setting for the dilemmas of its unique individuals and also exercising its own powerful dynamic on them† (Thomas, 174). The characters experience many events due to the town’s historical roots and values and ultimately, characters tend to grow apart from the sullen town. However, this growth is purely physical because Canadian towns, such as the fictional Manawaka, tend to leave a mark and a great impression on its inhabitants. The characters that are involved with the town â€Å"carry Manawaka with them, its constraints and inhibitions, but also its sense of roots, of ancestors, and of a past that is living still, both it’s achievements and its tragic errors† (Thomas, 177). In The Diviners, both Morag and Pique feel the need leave their prairie towns and therefore, the setting of Manawaka exists only in past reference. Regardless of this, it consumes their lives. It is because of this that â€Å"Manawaka as a setting constitutes only one third of the story, but the region follows the heroine wherever she goes, enriched by each of her experiences while the heroine pursues her path leading to the art of ‘divining’. The visions Laurence created with her magic rod of divining are regional in their details† (Tsutsumi, 312). All these aspects make Manawaka what it has become in the world of Canadian literature. It represents the foundation for all of Laurence’s achievements as it is embedded so deeply into her personal roots as well as her characters’ roots. â€Å"Manawaka was Laurence’s time and place, and she set herself to get it ‘exactly right’. Her success fulfills the prophecy of the closing line in one of her undergraduate poems: ‘this land will be my immortality’†(Morley, 139). A statement such as this demonstrates the extreme to which Laurence is connected to this prairie land, and also the town as a reflection of other Canadian prairie towns. Regionalism is portrayed here in it’s fullest. With regard to the region, as any true prairie town, Manawaka is complete with tales of historical trials and tribulations. The people of the town emphasize history and relish it’s significance in their lives. These tales are used to refer to historical events throughout the novel. They surround the town and demonstrate to the reader the true nature of it’s heritage. The stories told and celebrated by Christie Logan and the Tonnerre family emphasize the historical implications of the battles that were fought on the land and are manipulated just enough to give them a small town twist. By telling the stories of Piper Gunn and Rider Tonnerre, â€Å"it is made clear that the townspeople incorporate in their bones and blood a far longer span of history than the town’s, one that comes down from the time of the Highland Clearances and from before the settlement of the West, and is landmarked by battlesBatoche, Bourlon, Wood, and Dieppe† (Thomas, 187). Laurence uses these stories as a catalyst in both Morag and Pique’s search for identity and belonging. The greatest journey in this novel is the quest for identity and â€Å"Morag Gunn is trying to reconcile an inner autochthonous nature and an outer assumed persona, one which is formed and fostered by the society in which she lives. The dichotomy is between nature and civilization, and true identity can only come with a fusion of the two elements of our human experience† (Adamson). In this sense, the society in which she lives is portrayed when â€Å"history and legend merge in Morag’s pictures of herself as a small child† (Morley, 119). Morag identifies with the story of Piper Gunn and â€Å"the ancestral heritage characterized by the stern Calvinism of Scottish Presbyterian Protestantism as well as the tribal pride symbolized by tartan checks and kilts† (Tsutsumi, 310). It takes a great many years before Morag understands and associates these legends and truths with her development into an adult woman. The region that she grew up hating had one of the most significant impacts on her life. It is the stories of her land that first encourage a young Morag to jot down poems and stories in her scribbler. Laurence gives specific mention to this new hobby when she says, â€Å"Morag is working on another story as well. She does not know where it came from. It comes into your head, and when you write it down, it surprises you, because you never knew what was going to happen until you put it down† (Laurence, 100). At this instance, Morag seems to find an excitement and a novelty in writing. Christie’s stories of her ancestors and the land inspire her, and her career as a writer begins here. As well as being a springboard for Morag’s future, these stories emphasize to the reader the social class system that exists in small towns such as Manawaka. The tales are an extended metaphor for this inequality throughout the novel, as well as a metaphor for the importance of identity. In his article, Arthur Adamson says, â€Å"it is not description of prairie scenery or of the Precambrian Shield that makes a regional writer, but the ability to translate descriptive elements into metaphor, to reveal the reality of the confrontation of nature and civilization† (Adamson). The nature of the people in this region and their living patterns are the aspects that separate Morag and Jules from the rest of the town. It is said that, â€Å"The Diviners portrays class prejudice in an ostensibly democratic society. Attempts to humiliate Morag only encourage her inner toughness† (Morley, 123). This also demonstrates to the reader how the town’s ignorance to the less fortunate helps her to develop that strong exterior that allows her to contend with difficulties bigger than the small town gossip of Manawaka and other prairie towns. The town â€Å"presents a false image of respectability, first seen in the social elements of Manawaka: the residential area as opposed to the nuisance grounds and the half breed dwellings† (Adamson). It’s attitude towards the outcasts is kept socially hidden by some of the more prominent townspeople but Morag sees through this. The treatment of these people, such as the Tonnerres, resemble similar occurrences in many small prairie towns. With regard to this vicious social stratification, â€Å"Manawaka’s was a swiftly forming social system, based on thrift, hard work, pressure to conform to the patterns of respectability, and, above all, financial success† (Thomas, 184). This regionalistic factor becomes extended throughout the novel. Pique also feels the pressure of being different. There is an instance in the novel that Pique complains to her mother about the kids at school teasing her about her heritage. She struggles with her mixed race and â€Å"carries in her veins a heritage that she does not yet understand but is unwilling and unable to reject† (Morley, 119). This is due to the fact that â€Å"Laurence’s fiction accurately depicts the general contempt with which the Metis were regarded in the latter part of the nineteenth century, and the twentieth† (Morley, 143). The region’s heritage was, and will always truly be based on the native peoples. The new settlers in the land, which are spoken about in the tales of Piper and Rider, are the people who abolished these culturally rich tribes. The townspeople in this novel continue to have these narrow views on the ones they call â€Å"half-breeds† and therefore, The Diviners is an accurate depiction of the region and the prairies. Pique is the connection of two important cultures and â€Å"when Pique sings her own song at the end of the story, the two traditions are fused together and she will become an inheritor† (Tsutsumi, 311). The nature of regionalism in this novel is the historical importance of the people and the land. It encourages both Morag and Pique to discover their significant heritages and enables them to remain connected with their prairie lands regardless of their current living situations. There is no doubt that â€Å"no town in our literature has been so consistently and extensively developed as Margaret Laurence’s Manawaka. Through five works of fiction, it has grown as a vividly realized, microcosmic world† (Thomas, 174). It is quite evident that regionalism plays a major part in Canadian literature. In its many forms it brings a region to life for the author, the reader, and most importantly, the characters. A region can seem like a simple backdrop to the story-line until it is analyzed by the reader. On a second glance, a region contains many aspects, specific to it’s domain, that become one with its land and the inhabitants. In the Canadian novel, its influence on character is very prominent. The ability of the region to shape one’s identity is the central idea of regionalism. In the novels As for Me and My House by Sinclair Ross and The Diviners by Margaret Laurence, the environment plays a large role in the definition of identity. Ross’ characters, Mr. and Mrs. Bentley, find themselves lost in the void of the prairie and they become emblematic of the land in which they occupy. In this sense, their identity is a mere flicker in the emptiness of the prairie that demonstrates a hollow existence. Laurence’s characters, Morag and Pique Gunn both derive their identities from the heritage that they have inherited from their ancestors. In doing so, they come to understand the significance of the historical events of the region and appreciate the land in which they live. Each of these outcomes deal with the prairie life and, although they re quite different, they are a truly symbolic to the region. It is by using metaphor that Ross and Laurence are brilliantly able to achieve such strong regional statements. Their metaphors effectively express prairie life and the characteristics associated with it. Works CitedAdamson, Arthur. Identity Through Metaphor: An Approach to the Question of Regionalism in Canadian Literature Studies in Canadian Literature. 5. 1 (1980). 11 Feb. 2010. Campbell, Donna M. Regionalism and Local Color Fiction, 1865-1895. Literary Movements. 22 May 2007. 7 Feb. 010. .Daniells, Roy. â€Å"Introduction. † As for Me and My House. Ed. Malcolm Ross. Toronto, ON: McClelland Stewart, 1957. v-x. Davey, Frank. â€Å"The Conflicting Signs of As for Me and My House. † From the Heart of the Heartland: The Fiction of Sinclair Ross. Ed. John Moss. Ottawa, ON: University of Ottawa Press, 1992. 25-37. Jordan, David M. â€Å"Introduction. † New World Regionalism: Literature in the Americas. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press Incorporated, 1994. 3-10. Jordan, David M. â€Å"The Canadian Prairie: Sinclair Ross’s As for Me and My House. New World Regionalism: Literature in the Americas. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press Incorporated, 1 994. 93-97. Kreisel, Henry. â€Å"The Prairie: A State of Mind. † Contexts of Canadian Criticism. Ed. Eli Mandel. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1971. 254-266. Laurence, Margaret. The Diviners. Toronto, ON: McClelland Stewart, 2007. Morley, Patricia. Margaret Laurence. Boston : Twayne Publishers, 1981. Ricou, Laurence. â€Å"The Prairie Internalized: The Fiction of Sinclair Ross. † Vertical Man/Horizontal World. British Columbia: University of British Columbia Press, 1974. 1-94. Ross, Sinclair. As for Me and My House. Toronto, ON: McClelland Stewart, 2008. Thomas, Clara. The Manawaka World of Margaret Laurence. Toronto: McClelland Stewart, 1975. Tsutsumi, Toshiko. â€Å"Regionalism, Nationalism and Internationalism in Margaret Laurence. † Nationalism vs. Internationalism. Ed. Wolfgang Zach. Tubingen: Stauffenburg, 1996. 307-312. Fiamengo, Janice. Regionalism and urbanism. The Cambridge Companion to Canadian Literature. Ed. Eva-Marie Kroller. C ambridge University Press, 2004. Cambridge Collections Online. 16 Feb. 2010.